Diarrhea

An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.

Also Known As:

Networked: 16179 relevant articles (1058 outcomes, 1522 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Syndrome, Irritable Bowel)
3.	Vomiting
4.	Abdominal Pain (Pain, Abdominal)
5.	Dehydration (Water Stress)

Experts

1.	DuPont, Herbert L: 55 articles (08/2015 - 04/2002)
2.	Black, Robert E: 33 articles (12/2015 - 05/2003)
3.	Camilleri, Michael: 28 articles (08/2015 - 08/2002)
4.	Jiang, Zhi-Dong: 28 articles (11/2014 - 04/2002)
5.	Pazdur, Richard: 26 articles (11/2015 - 05/2002)
6.	Guerrant, Richard L: 25 articles (01/2014 - 06/2002)
7.	Glass, Roger I: 23 articles (01/2014 - 12/2004)
8.	Okhuysen, Pablo C: 20 articles (05/2014 - 03/2003)
9.	Saif, Linda J: 19 articles (12/2015 - 09/2002)
10.	Zinsmeister, Alan R: 18 articles (10/2014 - 03/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Diarrhea:

1.	Octreotide (Sandostatin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1995 - "Octreotide is very effective in controlling RRT diarrhea. " 09/01/2007 - "Administration of octreotide was effective in relieving his secretory diarrhea. " 12/01/2006 - "Long-acting octreotide is effective in the treatment of severe diarrhea in patients after pelvic pouch surgery." 06/01/1998 - "The demonstrated safety and efficacy of octreotide in this patient population support further investigation of this therapeutic strategy for GVHD-induced diarrhea. " 06/01/1998 - "In this pilot study, octreotide treatment was effective in reducing the amount of diarrhea in patients with acute GVHD. "
2.	Loperamide (Imodium)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "Best option for traveler's diarrhea: loperamide plus an antibiotic?" 02/01/1996 - "Loperamide was considered the most effective agent for controlling delayed diarrhea. " 03/01/1984 - "Most symptoms improved significantly on placebo compared with the baseline period, but three of these [diarrhea (P less than 0.01), urgency (P less than 0.01) and borborygmi (P less than 0.05)] showed a further significant improvement on loperamide. " 06/01/2005 - "Imodium is more effective than placebo at improving stool consistency and decreasing stool frequency in patients with IBS, and it may be an important component for treating diarrhea-predominant IBS. " 04/01/2013 - "There is a lack of significant studies which investigate the efficacy of loperamide in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. "
3.	ZincIBA 05/01/2010 - "Zinc supplementation has proven beneficial in the treatment of acute child diarrhea and appears to enhance linear growth. " 05/01/2013 - "Zinc was beneficial for reducing the duration of diarrhea in hours (mean difference [MD] = -20.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -29.15 to -11.09, I² = 91%). " 05/01/2010 - "In addition, Zinc supplement significantly reduced the severity of diarrhea and duration of the episode. " 06/01/2007 - "Several reports from developing countries have demonstrated that supplements of zinc also provide significant reduction in stool output and duration, persistency, and severity of diarrhea. " 10/01/2006 - "Supplemental zinc had no significant effect on the duration or remission of diarrhea in HIV-infected adults."
4.	ORALIT (ORS)IBA 12/01/1993 - "Due to high literacy rate and health consciousness, the educated and majority of literate parents of Patna town were better aware, more factual and had rational view regarding causes, method of prevention, fundamentals of use of ORS and home management of diarrhea in children, although certain aspects are yet to be cleared to them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" 11/01/1991 - "Among children with rotavirus diarrhea, no significant differences were observed between the 23 children who received improved ORS and the 20 who received standard ORS." 11/01/1991 - "Improved ORS did not produce significant reduction in the volume of diarrhea stools. " 12/01/2010 - "R-ORS was more effective in the management of acute watery diarrhea in children. " 08/01/1981 - " 3 studies using the ORS showed that the solution is effective in replacing fluid and electrolyte loss in acute diarrhea in infants. "
5.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 03/01/2014 - "Multifaceted interventions are very effective for promoting rational use of antibiotics for out-patients with URI and acute diarrhea at Siriraj Hospital." 03/01/2001 - "Noteworthy results published include the following: 1) raw juice of garlic was found to be effective against many common pathogenic bacteria-intestinal bacteria, which are responsible for diarrhea in humans and animals; 2) garlic is effective even against those strains that have become resistant to antibiotics; 3) the combination of garlic with antibiotics leads to partial or total synergism; 4) complete lack of resistance has been observed repeatedly; 5) even toxin production by microorganisms is prevented by garlic. " 01/01/1993 - "difficile diarrhea in high-risk patients on antibiotics may also have merit if an effective and safe biologic agent can be identified. " 12/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibilities of probiotic strains that are suggested to be effective for preventing antibiotics-associated diarrhea (AAD). " 03/01/2011 - "Why antibiotics are effective in controlling diarrhea is not understood, and whether small intestinal bacterial numbers are truly increased is now doubted, but previous focus on the condition being small intestinal bacterial overgrowth has hampered the understanding of this condition. "
6.	irinotecan (Camptosar)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2005 - "In particular, the AUC of SN-38 was markedly decreased to 56 from 107 ng.h/mL. Intestinal alkalinization was effective in preventing CPT-11-induced diarrhea, but this treatment changed the pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 and SN-38 in the body." 01/01/2005 - "Further studies are needed to identify the molecular targets associated with CPT-11 toxicity and safe and effective agents for alleviating CPT-11-induced diarrhea." 01/01/2016 - "Apple juice may be helpful for prophylaxis of late-onset diarrhea observed in CPT-11 therapy without disturbance of the intestinal microflora. " 06/01/2008 - "The delayed diarrhea symptoms induced by irinotecan also seemed to be improved. " 01/01/2014 - "Our study support the conclusion that patients with a UGT1A1*28 allele (s) will suffer an increased risk of severe irinotecan-induced diarrhea, whether with mid-or low-dosage. "
7.	rifaximin (L 105)FDA Link 08/01/2015 - "Clinically, rifaximin 600 mg/d significantly reduced symptoms of travelers' diarrhea (eg, time to last unformed stool vs placebo [32.0 hours vs 65.5 hours, respectively; P=.001]). " 05/17/2005 - "Rifaximin provided 72% and 77% protection against travelers' diarrhea and antibiotic-treated travelers' diarrhea, respectively (P < 0.001 for both), and all rifaximin doses were superior to placebo. " 10/01/2015 - "Rifaximin can be effective for chronic diarrhea associated with IBS and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. " 09/01/2011 - "Rifaximin has been shown to be effective in treating and preventing travelers' diarrhea (TD) during the summer season. " 01/01/2011 - "Rifaximin Is Effective for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea: Results of an Open-Label Pilot Study."
8.	VaccinesIBA 11/28/2014 - "Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is still one of the most serious pathogens in cattle, meriting the development of improved vaccines. " 07/01/1996 - "The initial "Jennerian" approach involving bovine (RIT4237, WC3) or rhesus (RRV) rotavirus vaccine candidates showed that these vaccines were safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic but induced highly variable rates of protection against rotavirus diarrhea. " 07/01/2007 - "We review the safety and efficacy of travel medicine-related vaccines, important considerations when selecting antimalarial prophylaxis, and strategies for management of traveler's diarrhea. " 01/01/2015 - "ETEC strains expressing any one or two CFAs and either toxin cause diarrhea, therefore vaccines inducing broad immunity against a majority of CFAs, if not all, and both toxins are expected to be effective against ETEC. " 12/01/2007 - "Today we have safe and effective vaccines that can be used in order to protect from moderate/severe forms of RV-related diarrhea. "
9.	Somatostatin (Somatotropin Release-Inhibiting Factor)IBA 12/01/1990 - "Synthetic somatostatin analogues have proved to be clinically effective in controlling this diarrhea. " 03/01/1988 - "This case report shows that somatostatin is also therapeutically effective in non-secretory diarrhea." 04/01/1983 - "These findings should be taken into consideration when developing a gut-specific somatostatin analog that can be useful in the treatment of diarrhea." 07/01/1992 - "A trial of somatostatin therapy was ineffective in controlling the diarrhea. " 01/01/2015 - "Treatment with somatostatin immediately controlled the diarrhea, but the primary lesion could not be identified even after corresponding examinations were completed. "
10.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1988 - "The present study was undertaken in order to assess whether an oral glucose/electrolyte solution designed for fluid replacement (Na+ concentration 75 mmol/l) and an oral glucose/electrolyte solution designed for maintenance of hydration (Na+ concentration 45 mmol/l) would be safe and effective in the treatment of acute childhood diarrhea in a developed country. " 12/01/1985 - "Because previous studies have strongly suggested that in acute TGE diarrhea the epithelium is composed of relatively undifferentiated crypt-type cells, we speculate that high-affinity D-glucose carriers are lacking in normal crypt epithelial cells and that they are incorporated into brush-border membranes of jejunal enterocytes as the cells differentiate in the course of their migration from crypt to villus." 01/01/1977 - "All children with diarrhea aged up to 5 years and residing in 2 communities (community B was the study, community M the control) in a province in the Philippines were studied to test the hypothesis that an oral glucose-electrolyte solution (Oresol) used freely for outpatient children with diarrhea would improve their nutritional status. " 09/17/1965 - "[Study of the absorption of orally administered glucose in chronic diarrhea and in gastrectomized patients]." 05/01/2011 - "We show that the synthetic NSP4(114-135) peptide uses multiple pro-secretory pathways to induce diarrhea, by activating the recently identified Ca2+ -activated Cl- channel TMEM16A, and by inhibiting Na+ absorption by the epithelial Na+ channel ENaC and the Na+ /glucose cotransporter SGLT1. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Fluid Therapy (Oral Rehydration Therapy) 01/01/1991 - "Most health professionals in developing and developed countries consider oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to be the most effective treatment for diarrhea. " 01/01/1998 - "Cost-effectiveness analysis indicates that some water supply and sanitation (WSS) interventions are very cost-effective in controlling diarrhea among children under age 5 years, as cost-effective as oral rehydration therapy. " 12/01/1977 - " In all, 16 children suffering from sporadic, unspecific diarrhea over a period of 9 months showed marked improvement of the condition within 1-2 days of cup and spoon rehydration." 12/01/2012 - "We compared these two fluids for improvement in pH over baseline during rapid intravenous rehydration in children with acute diarrhea. " 08/01/1991 - "We sought to determine the efficacy of three different types of treatment in children with acute diarrhea who, during the oral rehydration period, had high stool output (greater than 10 mL/kg per hour). "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 02/01/1992 - "This was justified by slow tumour growth and also facilitated control of diarrhea and ensured a greater efficacy of possible postoperative chemotherapy. " 03/01/1991 - "After institution of chemotherapy, watery diarrhea persisted despite remission of the underlying disease. " 12/05/2014 - "Because diarrhea is a common adverse event occurring in patients receiving small-molecular EGFR-TKI chemotherapy, the results of this study are clinically significant. " 10/01/2014 - "Diarrhea is a common toxicity of chemotherapy, but the practice of reporting only severe grades (≥ 3) in clinical trials results in misleading conclusions of significance. " 02/01/2012 - "Studies in adults' diarrhea, HIV patients, diarrhea induced by Clostridium difficile, radiation and chemotherapy were also systematically reviewed. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 06/01/1996 - "A significant reduction in the duration of diarrhea and other symptoms was observed after treatment, regardless of whether a pathogen was detected (P = .0001). " 01/01/2014 - "After treatment, 35 patients recovered from diarrhea, and terminal ileum lesions disappeared in 30 cases as determined by endoscopy. " 01/01/2007 - "His general body symptoms, including the bloody diarrhea, improved after treatment. " 06/01/1997 - "There have been no studies of the prevalence or causes of chronic diarrhea in these patients after treatment with a gluten-free diet. " 05/01/1988 - "Routine test-of-cure stool cultures can be useful for evaluating treatment failures and for assessing asymptomatic carriage of enteropathogens after treatment, but they are not mandated in the design of placebo-controlled antimicrobial treatment trials in traveler's diarrhea when the focus of the trial is clinical efficacy."
4.	Oral Administration 11/01/1997 - "Oral administration of Lactobacillus GG is effective in rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative ambulatory children with diarrhea. " 11/01/1997 - "The purposes of this work were to investigate the clinical efficacy of oral administration of Lactobacillus in children with mild diarrhea who were observed as outpatients, and to see whether Lactobacillus GG can reduce the duration of rotavirus excretion. " 01/01/2013 - "This study shows that the oral administration of rotavirus VP6-VHH nanoAb is a broadly reactive and effective treatment against rotavirus-induced diarrhea in neonatal pigs. " 08/01/2003 - "Effect of oral administration of tormentil root extract (Potentilla tormentilla) on rotavirus diarrhea in children: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial." 09/01/2014 - "After oral administration for 5 days, the diarrhea experiment and intestinal propelling test were carried out to evaluate the purgative effect difference of raw and processed Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. "
5.	Radiotherapy 07/01/2008 - "In this set of patients, susceptibility or protection against diarrhea after radiotherapy could be linked to different initial microbial colonization." 09/01/2002 - "Patients were evaluated daily for the primary study end point, resolution of diarrhea, as well as for interruption of pelvic radiotherapy. " 10/01/2015 - "Secondary end-points were incidence and severity of radiation-induced diarrhea and number of patients who discontinued radiotherapy because of diarrhea. " 09/01/2015 - "Evaluation of transforming growth factor-β2 for radiation-induced diarrhea after pelvic radiotherapy." 01/01/2015 - "Pelvic radiotherapy induced further changes in fecal microbial ecology, some of which were specific to the patients with or without diarrhea. "