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Heroin (Diamorphine)

A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

Also Known As:

Diamorphine; Diacetylmorphine; APS Brand of Heroin Hydrochloride; Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride; Diagesil; Diamorf; Evans Vaccines Brand of Heroin Hydrochloride; Heroin Hydrochloride; Min-I-Jet Morphine Sulphate; Hydrochloride, Diacetylmorphine; Hydrochloride, Heroin; Min I Jet Morphine Sulphate; Morphinan-3,6-diol, 7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methyl- (5alpha,6alpha)-, diacetate (ester)

Networked: 2918 relevant articles (89 outcomes, 290 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Kreek, Mary Jeanne: 18 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
2.	Degenhardt, Louisa: 18 articles (11/2015 - 06/2003)
3.	Darke, Shane: 18 articles (06/2015 - 02/2002)
4.	Maremmani, Icro: 16 articles (01/2016 - 08/2006)
5.	Ross, Joanne: 16 articles (06/2015 - 03/2003)
6.	Teesson, Maree: 14 articles (06/2015 - 01/2004)
7.	Hall, Wayne: 14 articles (05/2014 - 02/2002)
8.	Pacini, Matteo: 12 articles (07/2015 - 08/2006)
9.	Wiesbeck, Gerhard A: 12 articles (05/2015 - 01/2011)
10.	Hao, Wei: 11 articles (07/2015 - 01/2008)

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches) 11/01/2015 - "As dependence on heroin and prescription pain relievers has become a significant issue in rural areas, the need for effective treatment of opioid-dependent pregnant women and their neonates has grown accordingly. " 06/01/2003 - "Pain scores improved significantly after diamorphine gel application compared with placebo (P<0.05). " 11/01/1987 - "Compared with a mean control value of 100% (3.4 ml dl-1 min-1) calf arterial flow increased from 160% to 285% after the preoperative extradural blockade, and from 123% to 191% following the postoperative analgesic extradural blockade, but there was no significant change when pain was relieved after i.v. diamorphine. " 07/01/2010 - "Intranasal diamorphine, however, is safe and effective in the management of pain in the paediatric emergency setting and its ease of administration makes it ideal for use in the already traumatised child." 03/01/2014 - "Diamorphine provided modestly improved pain relief at 60 minutes, mean difference 1 cm (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-1.5), and over the 3 hours, mean difference 0.7 cm (95% CI 0.3-1.1). "
2.	Heroin Dependence (Heroin Abuse) 12/01/2008 - "Retention and response rates were high, suggesting that heroin-assisted therapy is a safe and highly effective treatment for people with chronic heroin addiction." 05/10/2014 - "The results suggest that CET combined with BT treatment is effective in reducing craving and physiology reactivity in heroin dependents and could be used as a component of heroin-dependence rehabilitation." 04/20/2011 - "However, little is known whether it is also effective for the treatment of heroin dependence, in particular for relapse to heroin seeking. " 02/01/2015 - "Providing heroin to people with heroin addiction taking part in medical trials assessing the effectiveness of the drug as a treatment alternative breaches ethical research standards, some ethicists maintain. " 01/22/2015 - "However, few studies have focused on examining the variation in resting-state functional connectivity in heroin-dependent individuals, which might help further understanding the mechanisms underlying heroin addiction. "
3.	Substance-Related Disorders (Drug Abuse) 01/01/2009 - "Efforts toward researching effective and safe therapies for the treatment of drug addiction and acute heroin withdrawal syndrome remain important objectives in the field of drug addiction. " 01/01/2015 - "Risk-conferring effects of S1-S3 and S5-S29 crossovers and protective effects of S3-S5 crossover were seen in both pure heroin dependent and multiple substance dependence subgroups. " 01/01/2015 - "Furthermore, this study suggests that the assessment of amygdala-related connectivity during fear processing may provide a prognostic tool to assess stress levels in heroin-dependent patients and to quantify the efficacy of maintenance treatments in drug addiction. " 07/01/2014 - "Using a mixed-methods approach, we analyzed (1) data from an ongoing study that uses structured, self-administered surveys to gather retrospective data on past drug use patterns among patients entering substance abuse treatment programs across the country who received a primary (DSM-IV) diagnosis of heroin use/dependence (n = 2797) and (2) data from unstructured qualitative interviews with a subset of patients (n = 54) who completed the structured interview. " 07/01/2014 - "This study also supports our and others' previous reports of association of the GAL SNP rs694066 and the AVPR1A SNPs rs11174811, rs1587097 and rs10784339 with heroin and general drug addiction, respectively. "
4.	Cocaine-Related Disorders (Cocaine Addiction) 12/01/2003 - "In addition, clinical experience shows that heroin and cocaine addiction can best be conceptualised and treated as a chronic, relapsing disorder with the following treatment goals: crisis intervention, cure or recovery (detoxification, relapse prevention) and care or partial remission (stabilization and harm reduction). " 01/01/2009 - "To determine the efficacy of Opiate Maintenance Therapy (OMT) and adjunctive interventions for dual heroin and cocaine dependence by means of a meta-analysis. " 11/01/2015 - "The study supports the involvement of genetic variation in signal transduction pathways in heroin and cocaine addiction and provides preliminary evidence suggesting several new risk or protective loci that may be relevant for diagnosis and treatment success." 11/01/2015 - "This study was designed to assess whether 185 variants in 32 genes central to synaptic plasticity and signal transduction contribute to vulnerability to develop heroin and/or cocaine addiction. " 07/01/2014 - "This hypothesis-driven study was designed to determine if specific SNPs in genes related to stress response are associated with heroin and/or cocaine addiction in African Americans. "
5.	HIV Infections (HIV Infection) 11/05/1994 - "The epidemia of HIV infection in intravenous drug addicts may have entered into remission following a decade characterized by a spread in the use of heroin and great diffusion of the disease." 02/01/2004 - "In this article I will review the findings of the potential interactive effects of HIV infection and heroin use as observed in both clinical and laboratory studies. " 12/01/1999 - "This study describes, through ethnographic interviews, the treatment experiences of Puerto Rican long-term heroin users who are at extremely high risk for HIV infection and the barriers they perceive to drug treatment. " 11/01/1996 - "Since heroin users are immunocompromized even in the absence of HIV infection, the aim of the present study was to compare the morphological alterations present in HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive drug addicts. " 03/01/1990 - "From the published studies is evident that HIV infection is limited to the population risk groups established in the epidemiological world reports, heroin addicts, homosexuals, heterosexuals with sexual contacts with infected persons and blood and hemoderivates receptors. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Methadone (Dolophine)
2.	Morphine (MS Contin)
3.	2-methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT)
4.	Cocaine (Cocaine HCl)
5.	Benzodiazepines
6.	Bupivacaine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride)
7.	Buprenorphine (Subutex)
8.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)
9.	Naloxone (Narcan)
10.	Clonidine (ST 155)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Self Administration (Administration, Self)
2.	Injections
3.	Opiate Substitution Treatment
4.	Patient-Controlled Analgesia (Analgesia, Patient Controlled)
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)