Diabetic Retinopathy (Retinopathy, Diabetic)

Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.

Also Known As:

Networked: 7724 relevant articles (371 outcomes, 1486 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Macular Edema
2.	Macular Degeneration (Age-Related Maculopathy)
3.	Retinal Vein Occlusion
4.	Diabetes Mellitus
5.	Cataract (Cataracts)

Experts

1.	Kowluru, Renu A: 55 articles (08/2015 - 09/2002)
2.	Klein, Ronald: 54 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
3.	Aiello, Lloyd Paul: 41 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Wong, Tien Y: 39 articles (06/2015 - 07/2002)
5.	Simó, Rafael: 34 articles (01/2016 - 09/2002)
6.	Wang, Jie Jin: 34 articles (11/2015 - 07/2006)
7.	Kern, Timothy S: 34 articles (08/2015 - 04/2002)
8.	Wong, Tien Yin: 31 articles (07/2015 - 02/2002)
9.	Hernández, Cristina: 30 articles (01/2016 - 09/2002)
10.	Abu El-Asrar, Ahmed M: 29 articles (11/2015 - 09/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Diabetic Retinopathy:

1.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 11/25/2013 - "Our experimental findings dicate that endoplasmic reticulum stress plays an important role in diabetes-induced retinal neu-ronal loss and vascular abnormalities, and that inhibiting the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway provides effective protection against diabetic retinopathy. " 07/01/2003 - "One eye with retinal macroaneurysm and another with proliferative diabetic retinopathy did not show marked improvement immediately following membranotomy. " 11/01/2013 - "Mean retinal thickness measurements in all 9 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report areas were significantly greater with the Spectralis HRA + OCT than with the Cirrus HD-OCT (P < 0.001). " 10/01/2014 - "During the follow-up period, the resting diameter of retinal arterioles decreased significantly in the patients who experienced improvement in diabetic retinopathy but was unchanged in the other groups, whereas both the diameter response of retinal arterioles to isometric exercise and retinal thickness increased non-significantly with worsening of retinopathy. " 07/01/2011 - "After initiation of CSII, the retinal visual pathway of the rods improved with a delay of more than 4 months, over a time scale comparable with the duration of the diabetic retinopathy early worsening response to sustained glycaemia reduction. "
2.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 01/01/2015 - "IVR 0.5 mg produced a significantly higher improvement in visual acuity at six months, with pooled weighted mean differences (WMDs) of 12.30 early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) letters (95% CI:10.03, 14.58) (P < 0.001),and led to a higher proportion of patients gaining ≥ 15 letters (RR, 2.36; 95%CI: 1.86, 2.99; P < 0.001) at the follow-up endpoint, compared with non-anti-VEGF. " 09/01/2008 - "Is blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor beneficial for all types of diabetic retinopathy?" 02/01/2012 - "Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has been shown to be effective at improving vision in patients with macular oedema due to diabetic retinopathy and vein occlusions, but blocking VEGF at least in theory could be detrimental to vascular integrity. " 07/01/2010 - "Despite promising early reports on the safety of these medications, we eagerly await the results of large, controlled trials to substantiate the safety and efficacy of anti-VEGF drugs for diabetic retinopathy." 11/01/2007 - "These results indicate that MEM could be useful for the treatment of ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy with neurodegeneration, elevated vitreoretinal VEGF protein levels, and increased BRB breakdown. "
3.	bevacizumabFDA Link 06/01/2007 - "Intravitreal bevacizumab was safe and effective in treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. " 11/01/2009 - "Analysis of the clinical efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab in the treatment of iris neovascularization caused by proliferative diabetic retinopathy." 09/01/2015 - "RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY OF INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB 0.16 MG INJECTED ONE DAY BEFORE SURGERY FOR PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY." 06/01/2013 - "Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for persistent new vessels in diabetic retinopathy (IBEPE study): 1-year results." 05/01/2013 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) on three cellular components (vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, and myofibroblasts) of the vascular microenvironment in fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. "
4.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 01/01/2014 - "Residual insulin secretion provides important protection against the development of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. " 01/01/2014 - "Clinicians and patients should be aware of the potential risk of insulin oedema, treatment-induced neuropathy and worsening of diabetic retinopathy in the setting of rapid improvement in glycaemic control." 06/01/1985 - "Diabetic retinopathy after one year of improved metabolic control obtained by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)." 08/01/2014 - "This study also emphasizes the need for insulin treatment groups in diabetic retinopathy studies to provide a more faithful modeling of the human condition. " 01/01/2014 - "This study identified diabetes-specific risk factors, insulin therapy and diabetic retinopathy, that may explain the excess risk for cognitive disorders in type 2 diabetes. "
5.	ArgonIBA 05/01/2014 - "PASCAL can achieve comparable results with the conventional argon PRP in the treatment of patients with diabetic retinopathy. " 09/30/1991 - "The Argon-photocoagulator is in daily use in all Eye Departments in Norway and the main group of patients treated are those with diabetic retinopathy. " 06/01/1993 - "To investigate the efficacy and possible side effects of orange dye laser light in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, we performed a prospective, controlled clinical study comparing argon blue-green and orange dye laser light. " 05/01/1989 - "[Nyctometric studies in argon laser coagulation in patients with diabetic retinopathy]." 11/01/1986 - "[Long-term study following panretinal argon laser coagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy]."
6.	ranibizumab (Lucentis)FDA Link 09/01/2007 - "The efficacy of ranibizumab has been studied in 3 large clinical trials having the same primary efficacy end point, the proportion of patients losing <15 letters from baseline at 12 months (Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart). " 01/01/2012 - "The mean visual acuity in the ranibizumab alone group improved from 52.9 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy letters initially to 62.8 letters at twelve months. " 12/01/2015 - "All patients participating in the OLE were eligible to receive 0.5 mg ranibizumab according to predefined re-treatment criteria: Treatment was administered when DME was identified by the investigator on optical coherence tomography or when best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) worsened by ≥5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters versus month 36. " 12/01/2015 - "Patients with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from 20/32 to 20/500 (Snellen equivalent) were randomized to receive intravitreal 0.5 mg ranibizumab monthly or according to a TREX protocol. " 01/01/2015 - "Lucentis offers treatment alternative for diabetic retinopathy, trial finds."
7.	Streptozocin (Streptozotocin)FDA Link 01/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Fufang Xueshuantong (FXT) on diabetic retinopathy in rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). " 04/01/2015 - "This study aims to observe the amelioration of Andro on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy (DR) in mice. " 11/01/2014 - "In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of NAP in diabetic retinopathy using an in vivo streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model. " 05/01/2014 - "In this study, we used TonEBP heterozygote mice to study the role of TonEBP in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy. " 02/01/2012 - "This study aimed at examining the protective effect of H(2) saline on diabetic retinopathy in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. "
8.	Fenofibrate (CiL)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2015 - "The ACCORD-Eye study reported a statistically significant reduction in diabetic retinopathy progression in patients treated with fenofibrate and statin combination therapy compared to statin therapy alone. " 05/01/2012 - "Although recent clinical trials have demonstrated that fenofibrate is effective for treating diabetic retinopathy, the mechanism of this beneficial effect remains unclear. " 01/01/2013 - "Fenofibrate: a new treatment for diabetic retinopathy. " 11/01/2011 - "A consistent feature of fibrate clinical trials is the specific benefit of these agents in dyslipidaemic patients and the improvement in diabetic retinopathy with fenofibrate. " 03/01/2011 - "A consistent feature of fibrate clinical trials is the specific benefit of these agents in dyslipidaemic patients and the improvement in diabetic retinopathy with fenofibrate. "
9.	Somatostatin (Somatotropin Release-Inhibiting Factor)IBA 08/01/2004 - "Improved analogues with increased selectivity and modified bi-specific analogues are currently emerging and may help to make the use of somatostatin analogues a more realistic option in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy." 02/01/2004 - "The somatostatin analog promises to be safe and effective treatment for severe diabetic retinopathy. " 02/01/2004 - "The development of somatostatin analogs with increased selectivity for receptor subtypes will provide improved outcomes in the management of patients with diabetic retinopathy." 06/01/2014 - "Somatostatin and diabetic retinopathy: current concepts and new therapeutic perspectives." 01/01/2013 - "Somatostatin replacement: a new strategy for treating diabetic retinopathy."
10.	Octreotide (Sandostatin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2001 - "Efficacy of octreotide in the therapy of severe nonproliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized controlled study. " 04/01/2000 - "The efficacy of octreotide in the therapy of severe nonproliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized controlled study." 03/01/2004 - "Evidence from animal models, and clinical trials in patients with diabetic retinopathy, suggest that octreotide can delay, and to some extent reverse diabetic retinopathy." 01/01/2005 - "The potential role of octreotide in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy." 03/01/2004 - "111In octreotide retention in the orbit of a patient with diabetic retinopathy."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Light Coagulation 09/01/1993 - "Reducing the stimulus for angiogenesis by destroying the ischaemic retina also forms the basis of the most effective treatment of diabetic retinopathy by photocoagulation. " 02/01/1994 - "Thus, color Doppler imaging may help to identify those diabetic patients who are at high risk of developing severe diabetic retinopathy so that early photocoagulation treatment can be initiated." 04/15/1990 - "Five consecutive patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy who were treated successfully with panretinal photocoagulation subsequently developed a central retinal artery obstruction. " 01/01/2014 - "This is partly related to reporting of trials conducted many years ago, after which panretinal photocoagulation has become the mainstay of treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Future" 04/01/2005 - "Panretinal photocoagulation proved to be effective in preventing complications related to vasoproliferative diabetic retinopathy. "
2.	Lasers (Laser) 01/01/1995 - "The fact that laser treatment is effective in diabetic retinopathy has been proven clinically. " 12/01/2007 - "The trials have demonstrated a significant reduction in visual loss and need for laser treatment in patients with moderate to severe diabetic retinopathy over a 3-year period. " 01/01/2012 - "To evaluate the efficacy of the pattern scan laser (PASCAL) in treating newly diagnosed high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). " 08/01/2005 - "These findings may help to explain the high efficacy of laser treatment in diabetic retinopathy." 05/01/2007 - "Laser treatment is effective for diabetic macular oedema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. "
3.	Vitrectomy 04/01/2012 - "Visual outcome has improved significantly in eyes with complications due to diabetic retinopathy compared with the previously reported Diabetic Vitrectomy Study." 10/01/1983 - "Visual loss from the complications of advanced diabetic retinopathy now can be managed more effectively by surgical vitrectomy with a significant reduction in operative and postoperative ocular morbidity. " 11/01/2010 - "Twenty three-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy appears to be as effective for proliferative diabetic retinopathy as 20-gauge vitrectomy." 11/01/2009 - "These results suggest that vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy may be effective in increasing the quality of life of patients with diabetic retinopathy." 02/01/2008 - "NEI VFQ-25 quantitatively clarified that vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy is effective in increasing the QOL of diabetic retinopathy patients."
4.	Intravitreal Injections 02/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic effect and mechanism of AAV-MnSOD by intravitreal injection on diabetic retinopathy (DRP) and the metabolic memory phenomenon. " 10/01/2013 - "Fourteen eyes (14 patients) diagnosed with cystoid DME were treated with GLP according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) guidelines, plus an intravitreal injection of 4 mg of TA. " 01/01/1999 - "In proliferative diabetic retinopathy, the use of 25 microg of TPA by intravitreal injection 15 minutes before vitrectomy does not improve the results. " 01/01/2011 - "Intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells has been shown to be effective in slowing the progression of diabetic retinopathy in an animal model of chemically induced diabetes mellitus. " 03/01/2015 - "The prevalence of blindness (VA in the better-seeing eye ≤25 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters) at the time of first intravitreal injection was 0.8%, increasing to 3.5% after 3 years. "
5.	Injections 09/01/2013 - "Mean Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study best-corrected visual acuity improved from 52 letters at baseline to 59 letters at 12 months, achieved with a mean of 7.1 injections, 61 letters at 24 months with a mean of 5.0 injections administered in the second year and 60 letters at 36 months with a mean number of 5.2 injections. " 05/01/2011 - "The mean number of injections performed was 2.3, and the mean best-corrected visual acuity improved from 55 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, 0.9 ± 0.4 [mean ± SD]) at baseline to 70.3 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, 0.6 ± 0.4) at the end of the follow-up, a statistically significant change compared with baseline (P < 0.0001). " 03/01/2015 - "Thereafter, IVB therapy was flexible, and subsequent injections were administered during scheduled visits whenever a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) loss of ≥5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters occurred and/or iris/angle neovascularization appeared (regardless of the intraocular pressure level). " 10/01/2013 - "As outcome measures, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed with the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart and central foveal thickness (CFT) measurement was obtained using optical coherence tomography-3 before and at 2 and 4 weeks after injections. " 03/01/2013 - "Patients' files were revised and changes in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study best-corrected visual acuity, central foveal thickness as determined by spectral domain optical coherence tomography, number of injections performed, occurrence of severe adverse effects, and systemic concomitant medication were recorded. "