Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)

A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.

Also Known As:

Networked: 7701 relevant articles (702 outcomes, 1190 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Psoriasis (Pustulosis Palmaris et Plantaris)
2.	Skin Diseases
3.	Pruritus (Itching)
4.	Asthma (Bronchial Asthma)
5.	Dermatitis

Experts

1.	McLean, W H Irwin: 41 articles (12/2015 - 04/2006)
2.	Leung, Donald Y M: 40 articles (02/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Werfel, Thomas: 39 articles (10/2015 - 03/2002)
4.	Boguniewicz, Mark: 35 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Novak, Natalija: 34 articles (01/2015 - 05/2002)
6.	Furue, Masutaka: 33 articles (08/2015 - 11/2002)
7.	Ring, Johannes: 33 articles (06/2015 - 01/2002)
8.	Ring, J: 31 articles (01/2014 - 02/2000)
9.	Eichenfield, Lawrence F: 30 articles (12/2015 - 04/2002)
10.	Bieber, Thomas: 30 articles (07/2014 - 03/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Atopic Dermatitis:

1.	Tacrolimus (Prograf)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2001 - "Tacrolimus (FK506) ointment showed remarkable efficacy against atopic dermatitis in animal models and clinical trials. " 07/01/2008 - "The proportion of dendritic cell subpopulations in the skin is important for the severity of atopic dermatitis because topical treatment with tacrolimus leads to rapid depletion of inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells, whereas Langerhans cells (LCs) predominate in cured sites. " 05/01/2007 - "Tacrolimus applied locally is a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug with proven efficacy in atopic dermatitis. " 07/01/2006 - "In view of its strong association with atopic dermatitis, the objective of this open-label study was to assess the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of PA compared with the efficacy of moisturizers. " 09/01/2005 - "At the end of study, 50.6% (80 of 158) of the patients were treated successfully with tacrolimus ointment based on Investigators' Global Atopic Dermatitis Assessment scores, a significant improvement compared with patients treated with vehicle ointment (25.8% [41 of 159]). "
2.	Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1992 - "In previous studies, oral cyclosporine was highly effective in the treatment of patients with severe atopic dermatitis. " 09/01/2007 - "Although cyclosporin A treatment is highly efficacious and relatively safe, we report four adult atopic dermatitis (AD) patients who deteriorated during long-term cyclosporin A treatment, with clinical signs and symptoms more severe than at the onset of treatment. " 01/01/2000 - "Cyclosporin (CyA) has been shown to be highly effective and well tolerated in the short-term treatment of severe childhood atopic dermatitis; however, there is limited experience in its longer-term use. " 01/01/1999 - "Cyclosporin A (CsA) has been shown to be highly effective in the therapy of atopic dermatitis (AD). " 04/01/2002 - "During the last decade, oral cyclosporin (CsA) has proven to be effective, in randomized controlled trials, for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in human patients. "
3.	pimecrolimus (Elidel)FDA Link 01/01/2006 - "Pimecrolimus cream 1% has proven to be well tolerated, safe, and highly effective in clinical studies in patients with atopic dermatitis." 10/01/2007 - "Pimecrolimus cream 1% has proven to be well-tolerated and effective in controlled clinical studies in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). " 04/01/2006 - "The present study demonstrates that the good efficacy and tolerability of pimecrolimus ointment which had been shown in controlled trials: i) could also be demonstrated on a very large cohort of patients with atopic dermatitis when used in the outpatient setting, and ii) were paralleled by a significant improvement in the quality of life." 10/01/2005 - "In multiple clinical trials comprising more than 19,000 patients, pimecrolimus cream has been shown to be very effective in suppressing atopic dermatitis and to have an excellent safety profile. " 11/01/2004 - "Pimecrolimus cream 1% was well tolerated and effective in patients with mild to very severe atopic eczema, with rapid onset of action and no disease rebound after discontinuation."
4.	Immunoglobulin E (IgE)IBA 01/01/2002 - "The combination of the local disinfection therapy against Staphylococcus aureus with the conventional therapy for atopic dermatitis has been widely used, and the improvement in skin lesions has been reported to be associated with a remarkable decrease in IgE levels and reagin antibody titers. " 07/01/1987 - "Studies performed on patients with atopic dermatitis have shown high IgE levels, eosinophils and T4 counts, and a marked decrease in T8 suppressor cells in peripheral blood. " 02/01/2011 - "These results indicate that although neither test is diagnostic for feline atopic dermatitis, the screening assay is beneficial for predicting the results of a complete-panel serum allergen-specific IgE assay in cats." 06/01/2015 - "The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of repetitive IgE immunoadsorption (IA) cycles in severe atopic dermatitis (AD) with high serum IgE levels. " 01/01/2014 - "In vivo studies on atopic dermatitis mouse model showed a significant reduction in IgE levels after topical AAPE proliposome treatment. "
5.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 07/01/2012 - "Intensive inpatient treatment (with wet dressings and topical corticosteroids) was highly effective in controlling severe and recalcitrant atopic dermatitis. " 12/01/2005 - "Controlled clinical studies have provided strong evidence that moisturizers not only enhance the efficacy of topical corticosteroids in patients with atopic dermatitis but also may prevent disease reexacerbation. " 07/01/2012 - "Wet dressing therapy in conjunction with topical corticosteroids is effective for rapid control of severe pediatric atopic dermatitis: experience with 218 patients over 30 years at Mayo Clinic." 01/01/2005 - "Clinical data show that TIMs are effective in atopic dermatitis, yet do not cause the significant adverse effects associated with topical corticosteroids. " 06/01/2011 - "Topical corticosteroids have been the mainstay of treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD) over the last decade, especially in the setting of acute flares. "
6.	AntigensIBA 03/01/1992 - "During a series of studies on the involvement of house dust mite antigens in 183 cases of atopic dermatitis, we observed an improvement in two patients following the removal of mites from their environment by means of a thorough housecleaning and replacement of the mattress. " 01/01/2000 - "All acceptably controlled comparisons of maternal antigen avoidance prescribed to lactating mothers of infants with atopic eczema, regardless of the degree of antigen avoidance (number of foods eliminated from the diet) or its duration. " 01/01/1996 - "All acceptably controlled comparisons of maternal antigen avoidance prescribed to lactating mothers of infants with atopic eczema, regardless of the degree of antigen avoidance (number of foods eliminated from the diet) or its duration. " 01/01/1984 - "The efficacy of an antigen-free diet on the activity of atopic dermatitis was examined in a double-blind study, comprising 33 adults with severe atopic dermatitis. " 06/01/2014 - "Prescription of an antigen avoidance diet to a high-risk woman during lactation may reduce her child's risk of developing atopic eczema, but better trials are needed. "
7.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2007 - "Of the subjects who completed the study with complications in cortisol testing (n=3), there was one subject (1/37=3%) who had a low poststimulation cortisol level at week 4. Efficacy was demonstrated by marked improvement in overall disease state and in the signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis. " 08/01/2015 - "This article evaluates the short-term efficacy of HBM versus hydrocortisone 1% ointment in infants with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD). " 08/01/2014 - "To compare an efficacy of a moisturizer containing spent grain wax, Butyrospermum parkii extract, Argania spinosa kernel oil (S) with 1% hydrocortisone cream (HC) for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. " 01/01/2013 - "Efficacy of inpatient treatment for atopic dermatitis evaluated by changes in serum cortisol levels." 01/01/1995 - "Comparative efficacy of hamamelis distillate and hydrocortisone cream in atopic eczema."
8.	CalcineurinIBA 06/01/2006 - "The introduction of topical calcineurin inhibitors resulted in a significant improvement in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. " 01/01/2005 - "In several clinical studies of children and adults with atopic dermatitis, topical calcineurin inhibitors were found to be effective both on the face and the trunk and extremities, in both short- and long-term treatment regimens. " 10/01/2004 - "In several clinical studies, topical calcineurin inhibitors have been shown to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). " 05/01/2011 - "Topically applied calcineurin inhibitors have been shown to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. " 01/01/2008 - "Topical calcineurin inhibitors are also safe and effective topical treatments for atopic dermatitis, and provide an additional therapeutic option for patients with this disease. "
9.	CytokinesIBA 03/01/2014 - "In the present study, we aimed to examine whether fractions from an edible sea weed, Hizikia fusiformis, had immunomodulatory effects, particularly an anti-atopic effect, by attenuating the expression of T cell-dependent cytokines using in-vitro and in-vivo animal atopic dermatitis-like models. " 03/01/2006 - "On the assumption that atopic eczema is a T-lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory disease, in this study, we aimed to determine the presence of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule (sICAM) 1 and the release of inflammatory cytokines. " 01/01/2006 - "Studies about the role of cytokines on the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) are generally based on in vitro observations and this role has not been completely clarified yet. " 05/01/2004 - "Although atopic dermatitis (AD) has been shown to be a Th2-type disease, recent studies have revealed that Th1-type cytokines, such as IFN-gamma, especially in chronic skin lesions, play important roles in pathogenesis of AD. " 03/01/2004 - "The present study was designed to identify intracellular molecules that are responsible for the pathogenesis and the imbalance of cytokines in atopic dermatitis. "
10.	AllergensIBA 01/01/2005 - "Other studies are warranted to assess the interest and efficacy of eviction of inhalant allergens in atopic dermatitis." 10/01/2011 - "The microarray testing is helpful in defining all additional reactivity the atopic dermatitis patient could have acquired in her/his allergic life, mostly related to inhalant allergens. " 01/01/2005 - "Positive results of atopy patch test with airborne allergens were obtained in 47.2% of atopic dermatitis patients and none of control subjects. " 07/01/1982 - "All allergens suspected of being implicated in the genesis of atopic dermatitis were eliminated from the diet. " 01/01/2014 - "This supplementation has been reported in some studies to decrease sensitisation to common food allergens and to lower the prevalence and severity of atopic dermatitis in the first year of life. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Phototherapy (Light Therapy) 12/01/2004 - "UVA1 phototherapy is highly effective in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis and sclerosing diseases of the skin. " 04/01/1998 - "The results of an open, single-center study suggested that phototherapy with high doses of UVA1 radiation (UVA1R; 340-400 nm) is effective for acute, severe exacerbations of atopic dermatitis (AD). " 10/01/2001 - "Our purpose was to compare the efficacy of high-dose with medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy for patients with severe generalized atopic dermatitis. " 02/01/2000 - "Medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy is effective for alleviating acute exacerbated atopic dermatitis as shown by a significant reduction of SCORAD ratings (P <.001) at the end of the active UV treatment period. " 01/01/2009 - "Phototherapy may be effective in atopic dermatitis (AD). "
2.	Immunotherapy 12/01/2007 - "Double-blind placebo-controlled studies on the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous and sublingual specific immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis are rare; however, a systematic review of the literature on all published studies on specific immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis, together with the results of the most recent controlled studies, provides promising results. " 09/01/2006 - "Additionally, the efficacy of subcutaneous immunotherapy has been demonstrated in patients with atopic dermatitis, although more double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are needed. " 07/01/2013 - "Efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." 06/01/2003 - "The efficacy of pharmacological interventions used to treat canine atopic dermatitis, excluding fatty acid supplementation and allergen-specific immunotherapy, was evaluated based on the systematic review of prospective clinical trials published between 1980 and 2002. " 04/01/2015 - "The efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides farinae vaccine in a murine atopic dermatitis model."
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 08/01/2012 - "To measure the IL-1β levels before and after treatment in patients with AD after 75% improvement in scoring for atopic dermatitis index. " 02/01/1999 - "Improvement in skin barrier function in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with a moisturizing cream (Canoderm)." 10/01/2015 - "To assess serum LIGHT levels in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) before and after treatment and compare it with controls. " 12/01/2013 - "Clinical severity of AD was measured at baseline and at 1 and 4 weeks after treatment in patients in the DFPP group and at the corresponding time points in the control group using the standardized clinical severity scoring system for atopic dermatitis (SCORAD). " 01/01/2008 - "Finally, we found a positive correlation between increases in the SCORAD (Scoring Atopic Dermatitis Index) value after treatment and the corresponding evolution of the SA density. "
4.	Oral Administration 10/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complementary efficacy of oral administration of Lactobacillus paracasei K71 in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). " 02/01/2002 - "Oral administration of persimmon leaf extract ameliorates skin symptoms and transepidermal water loss in atopic dermatitis model mice, NC/Nga." 01/01/2012 - "This study was conducted to determine if oral administration of the novel herbal medicine, KIOM-MA, and its Lactobacillus acidophilus-fermented product, KIOM-MA128, has therapeutic properties for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). " 01/01/2011 - "Few studies have investigated the complementary effects of long-term oral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus on traditional medical therapy in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). " 10/01/2015 - "Complementary effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus paracasei K71 on canine atopic dermatitis."
5.	Skin Care 07/01/2012 - "This review summarizes and discusses the role and efficacy of moisturizers, particularly the more recently introduced ceramide-based formulations, in the skin care regimen of patients with both active and quiescent atopic dermatitis (AD). " 03/01/2009 - "Skin care with daily showering at an elementary school was thus found to be effective for the treatment of atopic dermatitis." 08/01/2009 - "The authors discuss the role of moisturizers in the daily skin care regimen of healthy skin and in atopic dermatitis, as well as the efficacy of newer products. " 01/01/1997 - "These results suggest that remission of adult-type refractory atopic dermatitis can be achieved by the combination of careful daily skin care, use of non-steroidal topical ointment and minimizing the precipitating factors." 01/01/2013 - "This study is unique and contributes with new knowledge in everyday life skin care of irritant and atopic dermatitis patients. "