Pressure Ulcer (Bedsore)

An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stay in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2375 relevant articles (134 outcomes, 365 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
2.	Pressure Ulcer (Bedsore)
3.	Ulcer
4.	Leg Ulcer
5.	Burns

Experts

1.	Dassen, Theo: 14 articles (01/2015 - 02/2006)
2.	Horn, Susan D: 13 articles (01/2016 - 11/2002)
3.	Halfens, Ruud J G: 12 articles (11/2015 - 04/2002)
4.	Sanada, Hiromi: 11 articles (11/2015 - 01/2005)
5.	Bergstrom, Nancy: 10 articles (01/2016 - 11/2002)
6.	Castle, Nicholas G: 10 articles (08/2015 - 02/2005)
7.	Gray, Mikel: 10 articles (03/2015 - 09/2003)
8.	Dumville, Jo C: 9 articles (10/2015 - 01/2008)
9.	Brem, Harold: 9 articles (10/2014 - 01/2003)
10.	Halfens, Ruud: 9 articles (10/2013 - 02/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pressure Ulcer:

1.	Arginine (L-Arginine)FDA Link 03/01/2012 - "Similar clinical benefits in healing of pressure ulcers can be achieved with a lower dosage of arginine, which can translate into improved concordance and significant cost-savings for both the health-care facilities and for patients." 09/01/2000 - "The purpose of this study was to determine what level of arginine supplementation was orally and metabolically tolerated and effective in enhancing immune function in elderly persons with pressure ulcers. " 11/01/2011 - "Nutritional treatment using arginine has also been recently shown to be effective for the treatment of pressure ulcers. " 04/01/2011 - "Lower plasma arginine in enteral tube-fed patients with pressure ulcer and improved pressure ulcer healing after arginine supplementation by Arginaid Water." 03/01/2012 - "There was a significant decrease in pressure ulcer severity over time (p < 0.001), with no evidence of a difference in healing rate between the two arginine dosages (p=0.991). "
2.	alginic acid (sodium alginate)IBA 10/01/2015 - "To assess the effects of alginate dressings for treating pressure ulcers in any care setting. " 10/01/2015 - "Dressings are widely used to treat pressure ulcers and there are many options to choose from including alginate dressings. " 10/01/2015 - "Alginate dressings for treating pressure ulcers." 01/01/2015 - "To assess the effects of alginate dressings for treating pressure ulcers in any care setting. " 01/01/2015 - "Dressings are widely used to treat pressure ulcers and there are many options to choose from including alginate dressings. "
3.	HydrogelIBA 10/01/2012 - "In this study, a β-CD/PEI/SF hydrogel containing CAE and HCA reduced the healing time for pressure sores." 01/01/2015 - "To assess the effects of hydrogel dressings on the healing of pressure ulcers in any care setting. " 01/01/2015 - "Dressings are widely used to treat pressure ulcers and there are many different dressing options including hydrogel dressings. " 01/01/2015 - "Hydrogel dressings for treating pressure ulcers." 10/01/2012 - "The pressure sores treated with the hydrogel healed in 6 days, compared with 10 days for controls. "
4.	OxygenIBA 01/01/2006 - "The intraoperative improvement of cutaneous blood flow and oxygen tension in the systemically warmed group improved tissue viability and reduced the incidence of pressure sores. " 12/01/1983 - "Skin oxygen tension measurement allows immediate assessment of the efficacy of measures to prevent decubitus ulcers." 11/01/2000 - "In a prospective, controlled study the skin microcirculation and transcutaneous oxygen tension were evaluated in 28 elderly patients (85 +/- 0.8 years) with grade 2 and 3 pressure ulcer. " 11/01/1998 - "In this study, interface pressures, transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2), and blood flow were compared with the classic pressure ulcer-prone areas in the supine and lateral position on six different high- and low-air-loss support surfaces. " 05/01/1993 - "With a view to developing a new method of preventing pressure ulcers, the objective of this study was to determine whether high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS) could increase sacral transcutaneous oxygen tension (PtcO2) in SCI persons lying prone and supine. "
5.	Colloids (Colloid)IBA 05/01/2008 - "Based on the studies included in this review, hydrocolloids are frequently used in the treatment of grade 2 and 3 pressure ulcers and are more effective and less expensive than gauze dressings. " 05/01/2008 - "Randomised controlled trials on the treatment of pressure ulcers with hydrocolloids, as defined by the British National Formulary, were systematically included and analysed. " 03/01/1999 - "A new amorphous hydrocolloid for the treatment of pressure sores: a randomised controlled study." 05/01/2014 - "to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrocolloids in the healing of pressure ulcers in adult and older adult patients. " 08/01/2013 - "Also, hydrocolloid or foam dressings may be used as appropriate to prevent sacral pressure ulcers. "
6.	SiliconesIBA 07/01/2015 - "Application of a silicone border foam dressing is associated with significant reduction in interface pressure and may be considered as part of a pressure ulcer prevention program." 03/01/2012 - "A randomized controlled trial based on a power analysis is needed to more precisely determine the efficacy of a silicone border foam dressing for prevention of pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit." 03/01/2012 - "The study was designed to determine if application of a self-adherent silicone border foam dressing would reduce pressure ulcer incidence when compared to standard preventive interventions among patients managed in a cardiac surgery intensive care unit (CSICU). " 09/01/2003 - "An 8-week, open, randomized, multicenter, controlled study was conducted to compare the effects of a new self-adherent soft silicone dressing and a self-adherent hydropolymer dressing on Stage II pressure ulcers. " 08/01/2015 - "After review of literature, they concluded that there is adequate evidence to recommend the use of five-layer silicone bordered dressings (Mepilex Border Sacrum(®) and 3 layer Mepilex Heel(®) dressings by Mölnlycke Health Care, Gothenburg, Sweden) for pressure ulcer prevention in the sacrum, buttocks and heels in high-risk patients, those in Emergency Department (ED), intensive care unit (ICU) and operating room (OR). "
7.	Collagenases (Collagenase)FDA Link 11/01/2012 - "This study showed statistical significance in favor of collagenase when evaluating closure rates from the onset of the pressure ulcer. " 11/01/2010 - "This study showed statistical significance in favor of collagenase when used to debride nonviable tissue in pressure ulcers. " 08/01/2014 - "Superficial pressure ulcers may be treated with a combination of collagenase and foam dressings. " 03/01/2015 - "A retrospective study of the effects of clostridial collagenase ointment and negative pressure wound therapy for the treatment of chronic pressure ulcers." 01/01/2001 - "To evaluate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of two treatments of pressure sores on the heel: a collagenase-containing ointment and a hydrocolloid dressing. "
8.	CollagenIBA 10/01/2012 - "To compare the clinical efficacy of a collagen dressing covered with a foam dressing with the same foam used as a primary dressing in stagnating granulating pressure ulcer patients. " 07/01/2000 - "This study evaluated whether the fibroblast populated collagen lattice can be a model of chronic wound healing using the pressure ulcer as a paradigm. " 11/01/2015 - "Intervention with Formulated Collagen Gel for Chronic Heel Pressure Ulcers in Older Adults with Diabetes." 11/01/2013 - "Preliminary assessment of photoactivated antimicrobial collagen on bioburden in a murine pressure ulcer model." 10/01/2012 - "Randomised, controlled pilot to compare collagen and foam in stagnating pressure ulcers."
9.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 01/01/1976 - "To test the hypothesis that there will be a significantly greater increase in the rate of healing of decubitus ulcers in subjects who receive topical insulin therapy than in subjects who receive other forms of therapy, a pilot study was conducted, utilizing a two-group before and after design. " 07/25/2015 - "The creation of the gel prepared with insulin and HPβCD-I complex and its use in patients with pressure ulcers appears to be promising in wound healing and its possible use in hospital care. " 01/01/1976 - "Although generalizations cannot be based on the results of 14 subjects, data analysis showed that insulin was a safe and effective agent in the healing of small, uncomplicated decubitus ulcers. " 05/05/1994 - "[Study on close insulin wet compresses in treating bedsores]." 01/01/1979 - "When a pilot study provided evidence that insulin may increase the rate of healing of decubitus ulcers, this study attempted to answer the question: Is topical insulin therapy an effective treatment regimen for decubitus ulcers? "
10.	dextranomerIBA 06/13/1981 - "The treatment of decubitus ulcers with dextranomer." 01/01/1981 - "The decubitus ulcers of 4 patients being treated with dextranomer for up to three months were examined. " 01/01/1981 - "The use of dextranomer in decubitus ulcers: a histopathologic evaluation." 04/01/1979 - "Debrisan for decubitus ulcers." 03/01/1980 - "Dextranomer (Debrisan), a new treatment for ulcers and bedsores."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Debridement 03/01/1999 - "To compare the clinical efficacy of 4 debridement alternatives in pressure ulcer management. " 01/01/2008 - "The resulting trochanteric defects in this study were due to debridement of pressure sore. " 01/01/1996 - "These results combined with data from previous studies suggest that patients not receiving PRT developed severe pressure ulcers which required debridement surgery and healed more slowly due, in part, to reduced levels of CAMs." 06/01/2015 - "Current therapy for pressure ulcers consists of conservative medical management for shallow lesions and aggressive debridement and surgery for deeper lesions. " 09/01/2014 - "After debridement of the decubitus ulcer, the infected areas over the bony prominence and osseous prominences were debrided. "
2.	Hydrocolloid Bandages (Duoderm) 07/01/1990 - "DuoDERM application and prosthetic socket modification have been found useful for the treatment of decubitus ulcers in ambulatory patients. " 04/01/2009 - "Hydrocolloid dressing may help to increase the healing rate of pressure ulcers." 06/01/1987 - "Improved pressure sore healing with hydrocolloid dressings." 08/01/2013 - "This study presents a repositioning of routine management combined with hydrocolloid dressing or foam dressing for pressure ulcer prevention. " 06/01/1999 - "Forty adult patients of both sexes who had Stage II or III pressure ulcers (according to the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research system) were enrolled in the study and were randomized to either the hydrocellular or hydrocolloid dressing. "
3.	Long-Term Care 11/01/1994 - "3. Strategies that are effective in reducing both the development and severity of pressure ulcers can be successfully implemented in long-term care settings. " 12/10/2008 - "Among 7 RCTs evaluating nutritional supplements, 1 higher-quality trial found that protein supplementation of long-term care residents improved wound healing compared with placebo (improvement in Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing mean [SD] score of 3.55 [4.66] vs 3.22 [4.11], respectively; P < .05). " 03/01/1996 - "The use of aggressive preventive measures in the long-term care setting is effective in reducing pressure ulcers and requires a relatively low level of institutional expenditures." 07/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to measure and compare health-related quality of life in elderly patients with pressure ulcers in different health care settings (home care acute care facility, and long-term care facility [LTCF]). " 05/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to compare pressure ulcer prevention programs in 2 long-term care (LTC) facilities with diverse Information Technology Sophistication (ITS), one with high sophistication and one with low sophistication, and to identify implications for the WOC nurse. "
4.	Length of Stay 01/01/2012 - "Outcomes including falls, pressure ulcers, functional level (the latter as measured by the KATZ), and length of stay were examined and demonstrated marked improvement compared to similar patients outside the ACE unit. " 01/01/1999 - "After adjusting for only the admission predictors of costs and length of stay by multivariable analyses, hospital costs, and length of stay for those who developed pressure ulcers remained significantly greater than for those who did not develop pressure ulcers ($14,260 vs $12,382, P = 0.03, and 16.9 vs 12.9 days, P = 0.02, respectively). " 01/01/2016 - "The presence of hemodynamic support with vasopressor administration (P = .016) and the length of stay (P = .021) were noted as the most significant factors in pressure ulcer development in this study. " 03/01/2014 - "After controlling for other covariates under study, the pressure ulcer group had a lower motor gain (20.12 vs. 21.58, P < 0.0001), had a longer length of stay (16.5 vs. 15.5, P < 0.0001), and were less likely to be discharged to the community after IRF stay (odds ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.62-0.84) than the patients without a pressure ulcer. " 01/01/2013 - "This study was designed to examine the effects of an intervention on discharge destination, function, length of stay (LOS), pressure ulcers, and fall rate in older adults ≥ 75 years old. "
5.	Skin Care 10/01/2006 - "This project improved skin care quality and reduced pressure ulcer complications. " 01/01/1995 - "Individual programs for skin care and routine assessment with a pressure sore prediction instrument, such as the MNS, would serve the dual purpose of directing the relevant measures to the patient groups at the greatest risk and would aid in assessing the efficacy of pressure sore treatment strategies." 11/11/2010 - "Previous studies have reported that the value that a nurse places on pressure ulcer prevention is linked to the skin care that they deliver. " 10/01/2007 - "An overview of research studies relevant to telemedicine and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the care and prevention of pressure ulcers as well as preliminary results of an innovative multidisciplinary skin care team approach to the primary and tertiary prevention of pressure ulcers are encouraging. " 04/01/2004 - "[Study of incidence of decubitus ulcer: skin care with effectiveness]."