Cytochromes

Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.

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Networked: 1553 relevant articles (34 outcomes, 141 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Moorthy, Bhagavatula: 10 articles (05/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Couroucli, Xanthi I: 8 articles (05/2015 - 03/2002)
3.	Jiang, Weiwu: 8 articles (05/2015 - 08/2004)
4.	El-Kadi, Ayman O S: 7 articles (08/2015 - 10/2004)
5.	Ma, Yun: 6 articles (11/2015 - 02/2003)
6.	Mieli-Vergani, Giorgina: 6 articles (11/2015 - 02/2003)
7.	Vergani, Diego: 6 articles (11/2015 - 02/2003)
8.	Waxman, David J: 6 articles (01/2010 - 01/2003)
9.	Barrios, Roberto: 5 articles (05/2015 - 08/2004)
10.	Zeldin, Darryl C: 5 articles (10/2014 - 06/2002)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 12/23/2013 - "We show herein that programmed cell death can subsequently be induced across a population of cancer cells with remarkable efficacy on conjugating a specific caspase-cascade-activating cytochrome to such cytosol-accessing particles. " 05/01/1999 - "Cytochrome P450-based cancer gene therapy is a novel prodrug activation strategy for cancer treatment that has substantial potential for improving the safety and efficacy of cancer chemotherapeutics. " 10/01/1959 - "Low-temperature spectrographic study of the cytochromes in various rat and mouse tumors." 12/01/2014 - "Strong cytochrome bands are observed in intermediate layers of normal and stromal regions of tumor. " 09/01/2012 - "At the following stages, the state of the cytochrome part of the respiratory chain is defined by growth conditions of tumor."
2.	Prostatic Neoplasms (Prostate Cancer) 03/01/2015 - "Association between cytochrome CYP17A1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A43 polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness in a Korean study population." 01/01/2015 - "The allelic variants of these genes CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A4*3, CYP3A4*17 and CYP3A5*3 have been linked both to the reduced catalytic activity of cytochromes and to prostate cancer risk in whites, though scarce data exist for North African populations. " 08/01/2006 - "Epigenetic inactivation of the dioxin-responsive cytochrome P4501A1 gene in human prostate cancer." 01/01/2005 - "Cytochrome p4501A1 gene variants as susceptibility marker for prostate cancer." 01/01/1996 - "The potential role of a polymorphism in the cytochrome P450c 17 alpha gene in both breast and prostate cancers is also being examined."
3.	Hyperandrogenism 09/01/1994 - "These results show a continuum of abnormalities in hyperandrogenic women, suggesting an enhanced cytochrome P450c17 alpha activity in the adrenal and the ovary as the shared mechanism between functional adrenal hyperandrogenism and functional ovarian hyperandrogenism." 11/01/2013 - "In lean PCOS women, a high caloric intake at breakfast with reduced intake at dinner results in improved insulin sensitivity indices and reduced cytochrome P450c17α activity, which ameliorates hyperandrogenism and improves ovulation rate. " 02/01/1995 - "Some investigators have suggested that "dysregulation" of cytochrome P450c17 alpha may result in the exaggerated secretion of ovarian androgens in hyperandrogenism. " 12/01/1997 - "They also indicate that decreasing serum insulin with metformin reduces ovarian cytochrome P450c17 alpha activity and ameliorates the hyperandrogenism of these women." 08/29/1996 - "In obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome, decreasing serum insulin concentrations with metformin reduces ovarian cytochrome P450c17 alpha activity and ameliorates hyperandrogenism."
4.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer) 11/15/2013 - "However, it has been shown that Tam and its cytochrome P450-generated metabolite 4-hydroxy-Tam (4OH-Tam) also exhibit cytotoxic effects in ER-negative breast cancer cells. " 05/01/2011 - "In addition, metabolism can occur in non-hepatic tissues and cells including breast tumor cells that have variable amounts of cytochrome P450s, sulfatase and sulfotransferase activities. " 12/01/2005 - "Cytochrome P4501A1 genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in Nigerian women." 01/01/2004 - "Cigarette smoking, cytochrome P4501A1 polymorphisms, and breast cancer among African-American and white women." 10/11/2002 - "Induction of cytochromes P-450 1A1 and 1B1 by motorcycle exhaust particulate in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells."
5.	Epilepsy (Aura) 09/01/1997 - "This article provides an analysis of the degree of agreement between in vivo interaction studies performed in patients with epilepsy and healthy individuals, and in vitro studies which identified the cytochromes P450 (CYP) inhibited by felbamate and those involved in its metabolism. " 10/17/2004 - "To investigate the relationship between the genetic polymorphism of cytochrome CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 and the serum concentration of phenytoin (PHT) in patients with epilepsy. " 01/01/1980 - "However, patients with epilepsy, who are taking large amounts of inducing anticonvulsants, and who are known to have increased cytochrome P-450-linked enzyme activity, fail to show clear-cut changes in their patterns of mortality. " 04/01/2006 - "Stiripentol (STP) is currently an efficient drug for add-on therapy in infantile epilepsies because it improves the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) through its potent inhibition of liver cytochromes P450. " 07/01/1988 - "We have now attempted to determine the relative importance of these two factors by studying a group of 15 institutionalized patients with epilepsy (EP), but without abdominal pain, who were on long-term treatment with anticonvulsant inducers of cytochromes P450 so that their clearance of theophylline (which reflects cytochromes P450 activities, and thereby provides an index of antioxidant demand) was as high as in the patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) (mean +/- s.d., 123 +/- 59 ml/kg/h versus 120 +/- 62 respectively), and significantly higher than in controls (74 +/- 16 ml/kg/h, P less than 0.02). "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Enzymes
2.	Insulin (Novolin)
3.	Glutathione Transferase (Glutathione S-Transferase)
4.	Mixed Function Oxygenases (Monooxygenases)
5.	Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 (CYP2D6)
6.	stiripentol
7.	Metformin (Glucophage)
8.	Heme (Haem)
9.	Tamoxifen
10.	Theophylline (Theon)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
2.	Castration
3.	Polypharmacy
4.	Oral Administration
5.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)