HOME PRODUCTS SERVICES COMPANY CONTACT FAQ

Confusion (Bewilderment)

A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation.

Also Known As:

Bewilderment; Confusional States; Confusion, Post-Ictal; Confusion, Reactive; Disorientation; Confusion, Post Ictal; Post-Ictal Confusion; Reactive Confusion; State, Confusional; States, Confusional; Confusional State

Networked: 4008 relevant articles (116 outcomes, 230 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Confusion (Bewilderment)
2.	Fatigue
3.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
4.	Seizures (Seizure)
5.	Neoplasms (Cancer)

Experts

1.	Kudoh, Akira: 12 articles (09/2010 - 01/2002)
2.	Takazawa, Tomoko: 10 articles (01/2005 - 01/2002)
3.	Katagai, Hiroshi: 8 articles (01/2005 - 01/2002)
4.	Torres, Antoni: 6 articles (06/2014 - 08/2007)
5.	Takase, Hajime: 6 articles (01/2005 - 09/2003)
6.	Alegría Ezquerra, Eduardo: 5 articles (04/2015 - 11/2014)
7.	Cordero Fort, Alberto: 5 articles (04/2015 - 11/2014)
8.	Ritter, Cristiane: 5 articles (04/2015 - 01/2011)
9.	Galve, Enrique: 5 articles (04/2015 - 11/2014)
10.	González-Juanatey, José Ramón: 5 articles (04/2015 - 11/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Confusion:

1.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "Fluoro-Deoxy-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized Tomography scan is a very useful method in the diagnosis and follow-up of gastrointestinal malignancies, although it may cause confusion in differential diagnosis.We" 01/01/2014 - "They are pregnancy outcome-based; the 75 g glucose load will bring consistency to GTTs; universal adoption will lead to consistency of diagnostic criteria worldwide; studies of treatment at similarly mild levels of glycemia have demonstrated improvement in outcomes; use of a single abnormal value will obviate the confusion arising when one elevated value is encountered. " 12/15/2015 - "Snapshots of the glucose sensor array by a cellphone camera were calibrated by the proposed compensation method and the urine samples at different glucose concentrations were well discriminated with no confusion after a hierarchical clustering analysis. " 04/01/2015 - "Glycemic management is also frequently confused with efforts aimed at intensive glucose control, further adding to the confusion. " 11/01/2013 - "Publications on the evaluation of self-monitored glucose values, however, are frequently characterized by a confusion in terminology. "
2.	Urea (Carbamide)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2015 - "The pattern of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and Youden's index of a CUR-65 (Confusion, Urea >7 mmol/L, Respiratory rate ≥30/min and age ≥65 years) score of ≥2 for prediction of mortality was better than that of a CURB-65 score of ≥3 in the retrospective cohort. " 07/01/2014 - "CT scans were performed more often in younger patients (58.1 ± 19.0 vs 66.8 ± 18.6, P = 0.002), individuals with lower CURB 65 (Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age > 65) scores (1.7 ± 1.4 vs 2.2 ± 1.4, P = 0.037), and those with no infiltrates or consolidation on plain radiographs (26.9% vs 7.1%, P < 0.0001). " 08/01/2013 - "The modified Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS), the CURB-65 (confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age 65) and the Charlson weighted index of comorbidity (CWIC) were compared in predicting outcomes at the onset of SAB. " 07/01/2013 - "Data relating to their age, gender, and clinical details; severity assessment using CURB 65 (C- confusion, Serum urea > 7mmol/L, R-respiratory rate > 30, B-systolic BP > 90 and diastolic BP ≤ 60, age > 65 years.) scoring system, laboratory results, complications, and outcome (mortality) were collected. " 07/01/2013 - "Variables of the CURB-65 score (confusion, serum urea>7mmol/L (42mg/dl), respiratory rate≥30/min, systolic blood pressure<90mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure≤60mmHg, and age≥65) and other clinical and epidemiological data and laboratory findings were recorded. "
3.	Diazepam (Valium)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1996 - "Intravenous (I/V) diazepam was administered but failed to decrease the agitation and confusion. " 06/01/1990 - "However, subjective responses to diazepam differed in the 0-2-time choosers compared with the 5-time choosers: the 0-2-time choosers showed an increase on the measure of confusion, while the 5-time choosers showed decreases on measures of anxiety and confusion and increases on measures of stimulation." 11/01/1983 - "In an attempt to clarify the confusion about venous complications from intravenous diazepam, a study of 2,468 consecutive oral surgery and general dentistry cases in which diazepam was used was undertaken. " 05/01/1998 - "We describe a patient with absence status presenting with acute confusion who responded well to intravenous diazepam. " 05/01/2002 - "Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) as the cause of confusion was diagnosed on the basis of EEG pattern and the apparent improvement following intravenous administration of diazepam. "
4.	AntibodiesIBA 11/01/2003 - "Confusion in the literature may result from the lack of specificity of most antibodies used, as established in this study." 01/01/2015 - "These antibodies can be difficult to classify, and serological testing may result in confusion. " 11/01/2011 - "The reasons for the confusion about urothelial expression are manifold, but they likely include low expression levels in some cases, poor specificity of antibodies (sometimes lacking adequate controls), the presence of nonurothelial cells resident within the urothelium, and the fact that the urothelium is particularly prone to aspecific adsorption of antibodies. " 01/01/2009 - "The method used alleviates the laborious procedures of labeling all antibodies to be tested and the confusion caused by differential labeling among different MAbs. " 11/01/2007 - "Neutralizing anti-IFNbeta antibodies: clarity and confusion."
5.	CalciumIBA 10/01/2000 - "Such calcium variability is probably not unique to Sertoli cells, and the aim of this commentary is to promote an open debate that may help to transform the current state of 'calcium confusion' into a better understanding of the intracellular calcium language." 01/30/1987 - "Antiatherogenic studies with calcium antagonists (which have been shown to be safe in human clinical studies) have created confusion because of conflicting results. " 09/01/2010 - "Confusion on the complexity of calcium balance." 01/01/2006 - "This underscores the need for new initiatives to reduce the confusion surrounding appropriate calcium use during antiresorptive therapy. " 11/01/2001 - "The increase in the PTH following bisphosphonate therapy is a response to the change in serum calcium and can occur even when there is hypercalcaemia, and this can cause confusion in the interpretation of PTH results. "
6.	Thiamine (Aneurin)FDA Link 02/01/2002 - "We present three cases of elderly patients undergoing ECT for major depression in whom thiamine administration was associated with beneficial effects on post-ECT confusion. " 02/01/2002 - "Using thiamine to reduce post-ECT confusion." 05/01/1997 - "Parenteral thiamine administration was started and the confusional state abated. " 11/01/1989 - "Despite large doses of thiamine injection, his condition rapidly worsened with confusion, and died 15 days after the onset. " 05/01/1982 - "In both groups those patients who were noticeably confused after operation were found to have a considerable fall in their thiamine status suggesting this may be a contributory factor to postoperative confusion."
7.	Lorazepam (Ativan)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "All patients on lorazepam (n = 6) developed adverse effects, including oversedation and increased confusion, leading to trial drug discontinuation. " 09/01/2011 - "Confusion and SIRPIDs regress with parenteral lorazepam." 08/01/1980 - "Postoperative anxiety and confusion as well as need for postoperative care and supervision were greatest after 0.06mg/kg of lorazepam. " 09/01/2011 - "In a patient with SIRPIDs, aphasia and confusion, i.v. lorazepam during EEG resulted in improved level of consciousness, return of verbal interaction and regression of SIRPIDs. " 03/01/1999 - "Subjective reports of anxiety and confusion were increased in the morning after receiving lorazepam 0.5 mg in the evening but tension was reduced and subjective alertness was improved in the evening after daytime administration of lorazepam 0.5 mg. It was concluded that measurement and treatment of daytime symptoms is appropriate in patients with chronic insomnia but that rebounds in anxiety near the end of metabolic activity of lorazepam may make it a poor treatment choice."
8.	Folic Acid (Vitamin M)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2010 - "Barriers to periconceptional folate supplementation included confusion about reasons for use, dose, duration, timing and efficacy of folate use. " 12/01/2002 - "Folate intake from fortified food or from supplements is not taken into account in most of the studies, which is a variable that can lead to confusion. " 01/22/2005 - "This may be due to lack of folic acid supplementation or overdosage due to confusion regarding its once-weekly regime. " 07/01/1994 - "A variety of studies indicate that folate deficiency is associated with the appearance of problems of a neuromuscular or neurological nature such as depression, muscular and mental fatigue, states of confusion and non-senile dementia, and that these processes improve fully or partly when the deficiency is corrected. " 10/01/1988 - "In 35 patients with Alzheimer's presenile disease (AD), 56 patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), 54 patients with vascular dementia (VD) and 10 patients with confusional states, age, vitamin B12 in serum, P-folate, B-folate and B-Hb were investigated. "
9.	OxygenIBA 05/01/1990 - "Animal models are widely used for the study of CNS oxygen toxicity, but confusion still exists regarding the proper statistical approach to the analysis of the data. " 06/01/2015 - "The guideline development group is aware of the potential for confusion sometimes caused by the current nomenclature for different types of home oxygen, and rather than renaming them, has adopted the approach of clarifying those definitions, and in particular emphasising what is meant by long-term oxygen therapy and palliative oxygen therapy. " 06/01/2014 - "In view of the decreased oxygen saturation and confusion, the patient was sedated and mechanically ventilated. " 04/09/2014 - "[Oxygen therapy in acute myocardial infarction--100 years of confusion]." 04/01/2014 - "After multivariable analyses, besides CRB (confusion, respiration rate ≥ 30/min, systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or diastolic ≤ 60 mmHg), peripheral oxygen saturation (≤ 90 %) and age ≥ 75 years appeared to be associated with increasing 30-day mortality in the derivation cohort. "
10.	SteroidsIBA 12/01/2003 - "However, issues related to the safety of intranasal steroids continue to generate debate and confusion among clinicians. " 03/01/1998 - "Exclusion criteria were acute respiratory exacerbation or use of oral steroids in the last 6 weeks, known previous psychiatric disorder and acute or chronic confusion. " 07/01/2007 - "Steroids in septic shock: the confusion continues." 05/01/2001 - "Exclusion criteria were: use of oral steroids within 6 weeks, acute or chronic confusion, known cancer and known psychosis. " 08/01/1981 - "Toxic confusional state and choreiform movements after treatment with anabolic steroids."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cystectomy 01/01/1989 - "Much of the confusion regarding the efficacy of combined therapy results from studies that compare the results of treatment of pathological stage B2-C patients treated by cystectomy alone versus clinical stage B2-C patients treated by preoperative irradiation plus cystectomy. " 04/01/1988 - "Much of the confusion regarding the efficacy of combined therapy results from studies that compare the results of treatment of pathological Stage B2-C patients treated by cystectomy alone versus clinical Stage B2-C patients treated by preoperative irradiation plus cystectomy. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 02/01/1995 - "His confusional state improved after chemotherapy; however, two months later another cranial CT showed multiple enhanced mass lesions. " 10/01/2012 - "The confusion regarding diagnostic evaluation and the relationship of these two clinical entities is reflected in the proposed course of therapy particularly with regard tο pharmacotherapy. " 01/01/2011 - "This syndrome can lead to confusion with progression or relapse of a germ cell tumour because of increase in tumour volume during chemotherapy, so it is important to recognize it." 01/01/2009 - "On day 11 of the second chemotherapy course, the patient developed confusion and right sided weakness. " 12/01/2006 - "Risk factors for nonadherence include younger age, confusion about drugs, lack of support for drug supply and administration, interference of treatment recommendations with lifestyle, and a perceived view of risks outweighing benefits in using recommended drug therapy."
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 06/01/1999 - "The information from this study might be useful to transplant professionals to develop guidelines and policies that lessen the confusion and frustration felt by those involved with the transplant process." 12/01/2014 - "Confusion could lead to treatment with toxic medications, potentially compromising the transplant. " 11/01/2014 - "Family members' perspectives fit into 3 phases that correspond to the progression of the patient's clinical condition: dealing with crisis, confusion and frustration, and back on the road to transplant. " 02/01/2014 - "These results suggest that families' reluctance to participate may result from misconceptions about severity of the child's disease, underestimating risks of liver transplant, or confusion about the role of hepatocyte transplant in the treatment pathway. " 12/01/2012 - "This causes confusion among transplant coordinators, OPOs, physicians at intensive care unit and transplant surgeons. "
4.	Carotid Endarterectomy 06/23/2015 - "[Confusion and thinking of carotid endarterectomy]." 07/01/1990 - "The case is presented of an elderly man with an acute confusional state occurring soon after he had undergone a right carotid endarterectomy. " 03/01/1997 - "Additional confusion has been created by the fact that the several large randomized trials investigating the efficacy of carotid endarterectomy have classified and analyzed different categories of carotid stenosis. " 06/01/2010 - "To overcome the confusion caused by the coexisting grading method used in the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), a German interdisciplinary council on carotid artery stenosis has recommended the implementation of the NASCET grading system (distal diameter reduction percentage) as the standard. " 07/23/2013 - "A 69-year-old man developed acute-onset confusion and hypertension with systolic pressures in the 160s 1 day after carotid endarterectomy for right facial droop from left hemispheric lacunar infarcts. "
5.	Anesthesia 08/01/2010 - "The end vertebra and neutral vertebra have a tendency to vary by position and anesthesia, which gives rise to confusion in the determination of fusion levels." 12/01/2008 - "Here, I describe a case in which, despite efforts to ensure that the anesthesia care team understood the pacemaker and its settings, unanticipated pacing events occurred that created confusion about the status of the pacemaker in a pacemaker-dependent patient. " 10/01/2000 - "Mapping "failure" consisted of an inability to conform to task demands due to anxiety, inattention, immaturity, or confusion that necessitated changing from local to general endotracheal anesthesia. " 12/01/1983 - "Recent disputes about the relevance of membrane expansion to the mechanism of anesthesia indicate that there is confusion about the concept of membrane expansion and stabilization. " 06/01/1994 - "As patients progress through the perioperative period, this confusion is compounded by the fact that administration of anesthesia encompasses interventions that include intubation, ventilation, and fluid replacement. "