Compartment Syndromes

Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.

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Networked: 2077 relevant articles (83 outcomes, 110 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
2.	Ischemia
3.	Pain (Aches)
4.	Necrosis
5.	Burns

Experts

1.	Inaba, Kenji: 9 articles (01/2021 - 10/2009)
2.	Schmidt, Andrew H: 8 articles (01/2022 - 06/2011)
3.	Giannoudis, Peter V: 8 articles (12/2016 - 05/2007)
4.	O'Toole, Robert V: 7 articles (01/2022 - 10/2009)
5.	Stinner, Daniel J: 7 articles (01/2022 - 01/2013)
6.	Roberts, Craig S: 7 articles (11/2012 - 10/2009)
7.	Zhang, Dafang: 6 articles (03/2022 - 01/2019)
8.	von Keudell, Arvind: 6 articles (03/2022 - 02/2020)
9.	Hak, David J: 6 articles (01/2022 - 07/2010)
10.	DuBose, Joseph J: 5 articles (11/2022 - 08/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Compartment Syndromes:

1.	Mannitol (Osmitrol)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2016 - "To report the efficacy of intravenous mannitol in the treatment of orbital compartment syndrome. " 05/01/2016 - "Efficacy of Intravenous Mannitol in the Management of Orbital Compartment Syndrome: A Nonhuman Primate Model." 01/01/1991 - "Hypertonic mannitol ameliorates intracompartmental tamponade in model compartment syndrome in the dog." 03/01/2021 - "More studies are required before the use of Mannitol as a standard of care in the management of compartment syndrome can be established." 08/01/2021 - "Though considered safe, extravasation of mannitol into the tissues can cause considerable morbidity with the consequent development of compartment syndrome. "
2.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 11/01/2014 - "To examine the protective effects of carbon monoxide (CO), liberated from a novel CO-releasing molecule (CORM-3), on the function of compartment syndrome (CS)-challenged muscle in a rodent model, thus providing for a potential development of a pharmacologic adjunctive treatment for CS. " 01/01/2018 - "The purpose of this study was to test the effect of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-3 in a preclinical large animal model of compartment syndrome, with the ultimate goal of developing a pharmacologic adjunct treatment for compartment syndrome. " 10/01/2019 - "Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3) offers protection in an in vitro model of compartment syndrome." 11/01/2018 - "Compartment syndrome in the forearm related to carbon monoxide intoxication: case report." 01/01/2018 - "The data suggest the potential therapeutic application of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-3 to patients at risk of developing compartment syndrome."
3.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 03/01/2007 - "Acute orbital compartment syndrome can effectively be relieved by lateral canthotomy and cantholysis and administration of high doses of corticosteroids. " 05/01/2021 - "The localized compartment syndrome of the optic nerve and subjective visual symptoms were relieved following corticosteroid therapy with no initial need for surgical decompression. " 03/01/2013 - "The severity of the inflammation resulted in a forearm myositis secondarily causing a compartment syndrome that was treated with several prolonged courses of corticosteroids. " 11/01/2014 - "Fasciotomy was carried out due to the resultant compartment syndrome and medical therapy with heparin, corticosteroid, and pentoxifyllin was initiated. "
4.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)IBA 05/01/2001 - "It was thus the aim of the present study to analyze oxygen partial pressure of the anterior tibial muscle and peroneal action potential in a model compartment syndrome in man. " 12/01/1997 - "Intramuscular partial oxygen tension monitoring in compartment syndrome--an experimental study." 01/01/2021 - "To address the need to improve the assessment of compartment syndrome, a portable fiber-optic device for intramuscular oxygen measurements was developed. " 01/01/2019 - "Use of Oxygen Tissue Monitoring in Patients With Compartment Syndrome: Two Clinical Cases and Literature Review." 02/01/2014 - "Partial pressure of oxygen less than 30 mm Hg was 100% sensitive (95% CI, 72-100%) and 100% specific (95% CI, 69-100%) for the presence of compartment syndrome. "
5.	Inosine Monophosphate (IMP)IBA 09/06/2017 - "The current gold standard for diagnosing acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is an assessment of clinical signs, invasive measurement of intramuscular pressure (IMP), and measurement of local perfusion pressure. " 10/03/2018 - "We recorded measurements of muscle perfusion using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and intramuscular pressure (IMP) in a study designed to develop a decision rule for predicting acute compartment syndrome (ACS). " 12/01/2015 - "Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relation between the amplitude of pulse-synchronous IMP oscillations and the absolute level of IMP with a high-end fiber-optic system in a human experimental model of abnormally elevated IMP (simulated compartment syndrome) of the leg. " 04/01/2011 - "The data of this study support that QH analysis is potentially useful for the monitoring of IMP elevation in compartment syndrome." 10/01/2016 - "IMP recordings were performed at rest before, during and after applying a model of abnormally elevated IMP (simulated compartment syndrome). "
6.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 01/01/2021 - "To identify the different practice patterns of botulinum toxin injection (BTX) and electromyography (EMG) in patients receiving anticoagulation and to evaluate the incidence, reporting, and management of bleeding complications and compartment syndrome from BTX and EMG. " 05/06/2023 - "Recent studies show botulinum toxin injections can be effective for the initial management of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) prior to surgery, especially in young patients primarily experiencing pain on exertion with minimal lower-extremity symptoms at rest. " 11/01/2017 - "The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of compartment syndrome or major bleeding episodes and compare compartment syndrome, patient and intervention characteristics in 110 patients with stroke (treated with Warfarin, new oral anticoagulants, antiplatelet, or no anticoagulants) treated for spasticity in deep leg compartment muscles with botulinum toxin injections [onabotulinumtoxinA (n = 77); incobotulinumtoxinA (n = 33)]. "
7.	ElectrolytesIBA 07/01/2019 - "Compartment syndrome or severe electrolyte abnormalities were not observed. " 11/14/2017 - "None developed severe kidney injury or other serious complications such as electrolyte imbalance, compartment syndrome or disseminated intravascular coagulation, either during hospitalisation or in the course of the study period. " 05/01/2023 - " Rhabdomyolysis is a serious condition that can cause acute kidney injury (AKI), compartment syndrome, severe metabolic and electrolyte derangement leading to arrhythmias, and even death. " 04/01/2017 - "This leads to the potential for the life-threatening systemic complications of electrolyte abnormalities, cardiac dysrhythmias, acute kidney injury, compartment syndrome, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. " 01/01/2013 - "Complications may include electrolyte disturbances, acute renal failure, and compartment syndrome. "
8.	Dacarbazine (DIC)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2023 - "Cohort and cross-sectional studies that conducted research on the prevalence of compartment syndrome and DIC in patients with RM were included in the present study. " 02/06/2020 - "He presented to the hospital with DIC and acute compartment syndrome in the right forearm, requiring urgent orthopaedic intervention. " 01/01/2023 - "We reported the rates of compartment syndrome and DIC in RM patients based on rhabdomyolysis etiologies through an epidemiologic systematic review and meta-analysis. " 01/01/2023 - "Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched using keywords related to compartment syndrome, DIC, and rhabdomyolysis with appropriate combination. " 01/01/2023 - "Rhabdomyolysis (RM) may cause some complications such as compartment syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which can affect its prognosis. "
9.	MelatoninIBA 10/01/2005 - "Melatonin has a protective effect against I/R injury in skeletal muscle and may reduce the incidence of compartment syndrome, especially after acute or chronic peripheral arterial occlusions." 12/01/2010 - "We suggest that the protective effect of melatonin against I/R damage in cases of extremity injuries with acute vascular compromise, extremity surgery with prolonged tourniquet time and acute compartment syndrome should be investigated with clinical trials." 01/01/2014 - "Possible adverse effects of ischemia on fracture healing can be eradicated with melatonin and CAPE in patients with tibia fractures associated with vascular injury or compartment syndrome."
10.	DiureticsIBA 01/01/1983 - "The chronic compartment syndrome and response to diuretic treatment." 01/01/1983 - "The study indicates that calf pain similar to that of arterial insufficiency may be caused by compartment syndrome even in elderly persons and may be relieved with diuretic medication." 09/01/1993 - "The cases include carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency presenting as compartment syndrome, acute polymyositis, acute myositis associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection, and glycyrrhizin- and diuretic-induced hypokalemic myopathy. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Fasciotomy 12/01/2008 - "Fasciotomy is not always the best treatment for compartment syndrome of the leg. " 12/01/1988 - "There was one complication, a compartment syndrome that resolved completely following prompt fasciotomy. " 09/01/2009 - "Late fasciotomy and exploration may be beneficial in decompressing the deep peroneal nerve in peroneal compartment syndrome. " 09/01/2005 - "Early treatment intervention was limited to a single case in which the diagnosis of compartment syndrome was made and an emergency fasciotomy was performed with a good outcome. " 03/08/1997 - "[Good results of fasciotomy in chronic compartment syndrome of the lower leg]."
2.	Therapeutics 06/28/2021 - "Rather than treating the compartment syndrome with fasciotomies as is standard, we utilized compression therapy via an Esmarch surgical dressing wrapped distal to proximal on the effected limb, which resulted in marked decrease in swelling and return of perfusion to the hand." 01/01/2017 - "The vacuum-therapy application have promoted significant reduction of the abdominal cavity microbial soiling, permitted to escape the compartment syndrome occurrence, and to reduce the sanation relaparotomy performance rate." 01/01/2015 - "Vacuum sealing drainage is effective in treating osteofascial compartment syndrome with better clinical outcomes than conventional therapy." 05/01/2015 - "Rehabilitation therapy was effective for the compartment syndrome, the patient's symptoms resolved, and she was discharged. " 12/25/2018 - "To study the operative methods and clinical effects of stage therapy for the treatment of fractures of tibia plateau with osteofascial compartment syndrome according to its clinical characteristics. "
3.	Decompression 01/01/2019 - "Bony orbital decompression is effective for the treatment of traumatic orbital compartment syndrome in patients whose preoperative visual acuity is counting fingers or better." 09/01/2005 - "Forearm compartment decompression is effective in relieving the symptoms related to chronic forearm compartment syndrome." 10/01/2021 - "The purpose of the present study was to determine whether percutaneous decompression could be performed for the treatment of compartment syndrome in a forefoot model. " 09/01/2005 - "Six patients with a flexor compartment chronic compartment syndrome, documented by pressure studies, had forearm compartment decompression. " 11/08/2023 - "Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is an ocular emergency requiring prompt decompression with a lateral canthotomy and cantholysis (LCC) within 2 hours. "
4.	Surgical Decompression 12/17/2013 - "Spontaneous bilateral compartment syndrome is a very rare condition but one which requires swift diagnosis and urgent surgical decompression by fasciotomies in order to achieve the best outcome. " 09/01/2018 - "The authors hope this study helps improve orbital compartment syndrome outcomes by providing an option that more providers will feel comfortable performing and therefore decreasing time to surgical decompression." 08/01/2008 - "The aim of this cadaver study was to provide an anatomical basis for surgical decompression in the event of compartment syndrome. " 09/26/2023 - "Regardless of how lethal the patient is, if compartment syndrome develops in any part of the body, we should aggressively consider surgical decompression." 08/01/2022 - "Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a well-described condition that merits emergent surgical decompression. "
5.	Length of Stay 09/01/2021 - "No children developed compartment syndrome, and the mean length of stay was 1.4 (SD 1.2) days. " 01/01/2017 - "Compared with delayed fixation, patients treated immediately had less compartment syndrome (3% vs 27%), needed fewer fasciotomies (6% vs 31%) and had a shorter length of stay (3 vs 6.5 days), p<0.05 for all. " 07/01/2015 - "Patients' demographics, mechanisms and patterns of injury, fracture type, compartment syndrome, number of reconstructive operations, operative details, length of hospital stay, medical leave, repeat evaluation in emergency room, and complications were recorded and analyzed. " 07/01/2015 - "To quantify the impact of compartment syndrome in the setting of tibial shaft fracture on hospital length of stay (LOS) and total hospital charges. " 07/01/2015 - "Development of Compartment Syndrome Negatively Impacts Length of Stay and Cost After Tibia Fracture."