Chromoblastomycosis (Chromomycosis)

Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)

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Networked: 313 relevant articles (29 outcomes, 30 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Mycetoma
2.	Phaeohyphomycosis
3.	Mycoses (Diseases, Fungus)
4.	Sporotrichosis
5.	Coccidioidomycosis

Experts

1.	Xi, Liyan: 9 articles (01/2022 - 11/2011)
2.	Scroferneker, Maria Lúcia: 8 articles (06/2021 - 07/2006)
3.	de Hoog, G S: 7 articles (12/2018 - 11/2005)
4.	Zhang, Junmin: 6 articles (01/2021 - 11/2011)
5.	Criado, Paulo Ricardo: 6 articles (11/2020 - 08/2006)
6.	Belda, Walter: 5 articles (10/2021 - 06/2011)
7.	Corbellini, Valeriano Antonio: 5 articles (06/2021 - 07/2006)
8.	Heidrich, Daiane: 5 articles (06/2021 - 02/2014)
9.	Lu, Sha: 5 articles (01/2021 - 06/2013)
10.	Hu, Yongxuan: 5 articles (10/2019 - 08/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Chromoblastomycosis:

1.	Itraconazole (Sporanox)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1995 - "Itraconazole was highly effective and may be useful in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis. " 11/01/2005 - "Under the assumption of a chromoblastomycosis, an oral treatment with itraconazole and fluorocytosin was initiated, with significant improvement of the lesions. " 06/01/1990 - "These studies confirm clinical observations that itraconazole is effective in chromoblastomycosis and suggest that SCH39304 should be considered for clinical evaluation." 03/01/2006 - "Pulse itraconazole is effective in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi. " 11/01/1992 - "Our results support those of previous trials, suggesting that itraconazole is an effective compound against chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi."
2.	Terbinafine (Lamisil)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2000 - "A case of chromoblastomycosis effectively treated with terbinafine. " 02/01/2005 - "The objective of this trial is to prove the efficacy and tolerance of oral terbinafine in four cases of chromoblastomycosis. " 01/01/1997 - "The natural history of chromoblastomycosis was studied in Madagascar by analysing the characteristics of 1323 confirmed cases observed since 1955, including 45 patients receiving a new antifungic drug (terbinafine) during a multicentric study organized in 1995. " 06/01/1996 - "In an open trial, long courses (6-12 months) of terbinafine at a dosage of 500 mg/day were administered orally to 43 patients with a diagnosis of chromomycosis. " 04/01/2005 - "Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with terbinafine: a report of four cases."
3.	posaconazoleFDA Link 05/01/2020 - "Although unavailable in Madagascar, posaconazole and isavoconazole appear to be effective in treating chromoblastomycosis." 04/01/2010 - "Unusual presentation of chromoblastomycosis due to Cladophialophora carrionii in a renal and pancreas transplant recipient patient successfully treated with posaconazole and surgical excision." 01/01/2016 - "Posaconazole is used in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis and chromoblastomycosis. " 11/01/2005 - "Posaconazole treatment of refractory eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis." 11/01/2005 - "Posaconazole therapy resulted in successful outcome in most patients with eumycetoma or chromoblastomycosis refractory to standard therapies, suggesting that posaconazole may be an important treatment option for these diseases."
4.	Voriconazole (Vfend)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2016 - "In more advanced cases we found many difficulties in their treatment, and therefore, we report a case of extensive and severe chromoblastomycosis, with therapeutical failure of first choice treatments, but good response to voriconazole." 09/01/2016 - "Response of chromoblastomycosis to voriconazole." 06/01/2011 - "Despite its high cost, voriconazole is a safe and possibly promising drug for use on extensive chromomycosis refractory to conventional treatment." 06/01/2011 - "This is the first report with a case series of chromomycosis treated with voriconazole. " 06/01/2011 - "To evaluate voriconazole in the treatment of extensive cases of chromomycosis. "
5.	Melanins (Melanin)IBA 02/01/2019 - "Melanin: Quantification and protection against oxidative stress in chromoblastomycosis agents." 01/01/2021 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of melanin inhibition on antifungal susceptibility of chromoblastomycosis agents and describe the susceptibility profiles of some unusual CBM agents. " 11/01/2011 - "In this study, three melanin mutants of Fonsecaea monophora from a case of chromoblastomycosis were generated from a parent strain that lacked hyphal morphology but was meristematic instead. " 03/01/2021 - "In fungi, the most studied is the dihydroxynaphtalene (DHN)-melanin, present in several species including all the chromoblastomycosis agents, a chronic, disabling, and recalcitrant subcutaneous mycosis. " 03/01/2021 - "Melanin and chromoblastomycosis agents: Characterization, functions, and relation with antifungals."
6.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 10/01/2011 - "The results of this treatment are positive, denoting the efficacy of PDT against chromoblastomycosis. " 10/01/2019 - "These results provide the basis for the development of a new therapeutic approach, and ALA-PDT combined with oral antifungal drugs constitutes a promising alternative method for the treatment of refractory and complex cases of chromoblastomycosis." 02/01/2015 - "It demonstrated that combination of antifungal drugs with ALA-PDT arises as a promising alternative method for the treatment of these refractory cases of chromoblastomycosis." 10/01/2011 - "In the present work, the clinical applications of PDT for the treatment of chromoblastomycosis are evaluated. " 10/01/2019 - "Photodynamic therapy combined with antifungal drugs against chromoblastomycosis and the effect of ALA-PDT on Fonsecaea in vitro."
7.	Antifungal AgentsIBA 12/01/2015 - "The study is to observe the incidence of proved chromoblastomycosis cases from clinically mimicking conditions and to note therapeutic prospects by use of different antifungal agents. " 11/01/2020 - "A 56-year-old kidney transplant recipient presented with a progressive cauliflower-like growth on the plantar surface of the right foot and on workup found to have chromoblastomycosis, which was successfully treated by antifungal agent and surgical excision with no recurrence. " 10/15/2012 - "A biopsy revealed these to be cases of chromoblastomycosis, after which the patients were started on antifungal agents. " 06/01/2004 - "Susceptibility of sequential Fonsecaea pedrosoi isolates from chromoblastomycosis patients to antifungal agents." 10/01/2002 - "Four patients with longstanding chromoblastomycosis (8-23 years) caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi had responded poorly to standard therapies including monotherapy with the oral antifungal agents. "
8.	TriazolesIBA 03/01/2012 - "This study suggests that the newer triazoles have potential in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis caused by C. " 06/01/1990 - "Treatment of chronic murine chromoblastomycosis with the triazole SCH39304." 10/01/1990 - "Chromoblastomycosis and its treatment are reviewed, with attention to itraconazole, a new triazole compound, as the possible drug of choice." 10/01/1992 - "In a 2-year period, 30 patients with culture-proven mycoses (chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis) were treated with the new orally administered triazole, saperconazole (SPZ) (R66905). " 08/01/2010 - "Given the difficulties treating chromoblastomycosis and other infections caused by melanized fungi, we evaluated the in vitro activities of extended-spectrum triazoles, amphotericin B, and echinocandins against these clinical isolates of R. "
9.	hydroxide ionIBA 01/01/2004 - "This study investigated how much ITZ and OH-ITZ accumulated in the lesional tissues of chromomycosis and non-lesional skin after oral treatment with ITZ. " 01/01/2004 - "We determined the concentrations of ITZ and OH-ITZ in the lesional tissues of chromomycosis by Foncecaea pedrosoi and non-lesional skin after oral treatment with a total dose of 2.3g of ITZ. " 01/01/2004 - "An antifungal drug, itraconazole (ITZ) is effective for chromomycosis patients, but the distribution of ITZ and its metabolite, hydroxy-intraconazole (OH-ITZ) is unclear in pathological tissues. "
10.	Ketoconazole (Nizoral)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2005 - "The case of a 56-year-old man with an extense verrucous chromoblastomycosis of long evolution, with lesions in the right foot that had not been cured with previous treatment, and that was successfully treated by surgical exeresis of all the lesions together with oral ketoconazole, is presented. " 07/01/1984 - "[Successful treatment of chromomycosis with nizoral]." 12/01/1982 - "Chromoblastomycosis treatment with ketoconazole." 08/01/1985 - "The chromomycosis responded to local excision and ketoconazole therapy. " 01/01/1995 - "This is an account of twenty eight years of sufferings of a young sikh agriculturist, who ultimately succumbed to chromoblastomycosis- a not so uncommon mycotic infection, despite the use of toxic (amphoterecin-B) and newer antimycotic drugs (ketoconazole). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 10/01/2002 - "The combination therapy was considered effective in treating the poorly responsive chromoblastomycosis of all four patients. " 06/01/1979 - "We consider that local heat therapy carried out under strict supervision is a quite effective treatment for chromomycosis. " 04/01/2001 - "The purpose of this study was to review clinical features and response to therapy in patients with chromoblastomycosis and present data on the demography and history of this disease in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. " 03/01/2022 - "A complete surgical excision without antifungal therapy was observed in six (6/14; 42.9%) episodes of chromoblastomycosis, and combined treatment was possible in three (3/14; 21.4%) cases. " 01/01/2022 - "Combination therapy for an elderly patient with chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea monophora: a case report."
2.	Cryotherapy (Therapy, Cold) 08/01/2018 - "[Extensive cutaneous chromomycosis: Efficacy of combined terbinafine and cryotherapy]." 08/01/2003 - "The association of oral itraconazole and cryotherapy did not modify the lymphatic alterations in chromoblastomycosis." 11/01/1995 - "Successful treatment of chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi by the combination of itraconazole and cryotherapy." 03/01/2014 - "Chromoblastomycosis: response to combination therapy with cryotherapy and terbinafine." 02/01/1995 - "Surgery, cryotherapy, heat therapy, and antimicrobial agents are used to treat chromoblastomycosis. "
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 06/01/1985 - "Even in the immunocompromised host, localized cutaneous chromomycosis may not require more aggressive systemic antifungal chemotherapy." 09/07/1968 - "Chemotherapy and conservative surgery in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis." 03/01/2012 - "In this article, we report the case of a rare primary chromoblastomycosis of the palate and chest in a 27-year-old man who was successfully treated with surgical resection and combined drug therapy, and eventually free tissue transfer reconstructive surgical procedure to cure the palatine defect." 02/01/2009 - "There are three treatment modalities, i.e., physical treatment, chemotherapy and combination therapy but their success is related to the causative agent, the clinical form and severity of the chromoblastomycosis lesions. " 07/01/1980 - "Chromomycosis: report of a case and management by cryosurgery, topical chemotherapy, and conventional surgery."
4.	Cryosurgery 12/01/1978 - "Chromoblastomycosis was successfully treated by cryosurgery in a 55-year-old white man. " 12/01/1978 - "Chromoblastomycosis: cure by cryosurgery." 07/01/1980 - "Chromomycosis: report of a case and management by cryosurgery, topical chemotherapy, and conventional surgery." 01/01/1989 - "Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen is therefore an effective treatment for chromomycosis, especially for cases presenting with localized lesions." 05/01/2003 - "Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen is an option in the treatment of chromomycosis."
5.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy) 08/01/2012 - "A refractory case of chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea monophora with improvement by photodynamic therapy." 01/01/2021 - "Retinoid combined with photodynamic therapy against hyperkeratotic chromoblastomycosis: A case report and literature review." 10/01/2019 - "Photodynamic therapy combined with antifungal drugs against chromoblastomycosis and the effect of ALA-PDT on Fonsecaea in vitro." 11/01/2014 - "As far as we know, this is the first chromoblastomycosis case successfully treated with a short course of systemic antifungals and subsequent 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy." 01/01/2021 - "We further reviewed the cases of chromoblastomycosis treated with laser, photodynamic therapy or retinoic acid."