Chromoblastomycosis (Chromomycosis)

Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)

Also Known As:

Networked: 220 relevant articles (22 outcomes, 19 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Mycetoma
2.	Infection
3.	Coccidioidomycosis
4.	Sporotrichosis
5.	Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis)

Experts

1.	de Hoog, G S: 4 articles (04/2014 - 11/2005)
2.	Scroferneker, Maria Lúcia: 4 articles (05/2010 - 07/2006)
3.	Rozental, Sonia: 3 articles (04/2015 - 04/2008)
4.	Alviano, Celuta Sales: 3 articles (04/2015 - 02/2006)
5.	Zhang, Junmin: 3 articles (02/2015 - 11/2011)
6.	Xi, Liyan: 3 articles (02/2015 - 11/2011)
7.	Guarro, J: 3 articles (04/2014 - 03/2008)
8.	Carissimi, Mariana: 3 articles (02/2009 - 07/2006)
9.	Corbellini, Valeriano Antonio: 3 articles (02/2009 - 07/2006)
10.	Alviano, Celuta S: 3 articles (06/2006 - 10/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Chromoblastomycosis:

1.	Itraconazole (Sporanox)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1995 - "Itraconazole was highly effective and may be useful in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis. " 11/01/2005 - "Under the assumption of a chromoblastomycosis, an oral treatment with itraconazole and fluorocytosin was initiated, with significant improvement of the lesions. " 06/01/1990 - "These studies confirm clinical observations that itraconazole is effective in chromoblastomycosis and suggest that SCH39304 should be considered for clinical evaluation." 03/01/2006 - "Pulse itraconazole is effective in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi. " 04/01/2000 - "Itraconazole pulse therapy is cheaper than daily treatment but effective in chromoblastomycosis. "
2.	terbinafine (Lamisil)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2000 - "A case of chromoblastomycosis effectively treated with terbinafine. " 02/01/2005 - "The objective of this trial is to prove the efficacy and tolerance of oral terbinafine in four cases of chromoblastomycosis. " 01/01/1997 - "The natural history of chromoblastomycosis was studied in Madagascar by analysing the characteristics of 1323 confirmed cases observed since 1955, including 45 patients receiving a new antifungic drug (terbinafine) during a multicentric study organized in 1995. " 06/01/1996 - "In an open trial, long courses (6-12 months) of terbinafine at a dosage of 500 mg/day were administered orally to 43 patients with a diagnosis of chromomycosis. " 04/01/2005 - "Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with terbinafine: a report of four cases."
3.	posaconazoleFDA Link 04/01/2010 - "Unusual presentation of chromoblastomycosis due to Cladophialophora carrionii in a renal and pancreas transplant recipient patient successfully treated with posaconazole and surgical excision." 11/01/2005 - "We evaluated the efficacy of posaconazole, a new extended-spectrum triazole antifungal agent, in 12 patients with eumycetoma or chromoblastomycosis refractory to existing antifungal therapies. " 08/01/2007 - "posaconazole for zygomycosis, fusariosis and chromoblastomycosis). " 11/01/2005 - "Posaconazole therapy resulted in successful outcome in most patients with eumycetoma or chromoblastomycosis refractory to standard therapies, suggesting that posaconazole may be an important treatment option for these diseases." 11/01/2005 - "Posaconazole treatment of refractory eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis."
4.	voriconazole (Vfend)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2011 - "Despite its high cost, voriconazole is a safe and possibly promising drug for use on extensive chromomycosis refractory to conventional treatment." 06/01/2011 - "This is the first report with a case series of chromomycosis treated with voriconazole. " 06/01/2011 - "To evaluate voriconazole in the treatment of extensive cases of chromomycosis. " 06/01/2011 - "Extensive long-standing chromomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi: three cases with relevant improvement under voriconazole therapy." 08/01/1998 - "Itraconazole and voriconazole have a broad range of activity against phylogenetically similar agents of hyalohyphomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and mycetoma."
5.	hydroxide ionIBA 01/01/2004 - "This study investigated how much ITZ and OH-ITZ accumulated in the lesional tissues of chromomycosis and non-lesional skin after oral treatment with ITZ. " 01/01/2004 - "We determined the concentrations of ITZ and OH-ITZ in the lesional tissues of chromomycosis by Foncecaea pedrosoi and non-lesional skin after oral treatment with a total dose of 2.3g of ITZ. " 01/01/2004 - "An antifungal drug, itraconazole (ITZ) is effective for chromomycosis patients, but the distribution of ITZ and its metabolite, hydroxy-intraconazole (OH-ITZ) is unclear in pathological tissues. "
6.	Ketoconazole (Nizoral)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2005 - "The case of a 56-year-old man with an extense verrucous chromoblastomycosis of long evolution, with lesions in the right foot that had not been cured with previous treatment, and that was successfully treated by surgical exeresis of all the lesions together with oral ketoconazole, is presented. " 08/01/1985 - "The chromomycosis responded to local excision and ketoconazole therapy. " 07/01/1984 - "[Successful treatment of chromomycosis with nizoral]." 12/01/1982 - "Chromoblastomycosis treatment with ketoconazole." 01/01/1995 - "This is an account of twenty eight years of sufferings of a young sikh agriculturist, who ultimately succumbed to chromoblastomycosis- a not so uncommon mycotic infection, despite the use of toxic (amphoterecin-B) and newer antimycotic drugs (ketoconazole). "
7.	NitrogenIBA 01/01/1986 - "Five patients with chromomycosis have been treated by liquid nitrogen application. " 01/01/1986 - "[Treatment of chromomycosis with liquid nitrogen]." 07/01/1973 - "Treatment of chromomycosis with liquid nitrogen." 01/01/1989 - "Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen is therefore an effective treatment for chromomycosis, especially for cases presenting with localized lesions." 05/01/2003 - "Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen is an option in the treatment of chromomycosis."
8.	Potassium Iodide (Pima)FDA Link 03/01/2010 - "Safety and efficacy of oral potassium iodide in chromoblastomycosis." 10/01/1980 - "Potassium iodide is used to treat lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis, bronchopulmonary geotrichosis and chromoblastomycosis. " 01/24/1964 - "[1ST CASE OF CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS TREATED BY THE COMBINED ADMINISTRATION OF ISONIAZID AND POTASSIUM IODIDE FOR 4 YEARS. " 04/01/1968 - "[A case of chromomycosis treated with vitamin D2 and potassium iodide(with a 10-year follow-up)]."
9.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 10/01/2011 - "The results of this treatment are positive, denoting the efficacy of PDT against chromoblastomycosis. " 02/01/2015 - "It demonstrated that combination of antifungal drugs with ALA-PDT arises as a promising alternative method for the treatment of these refractory cases of chromoblastomycosis." 10/01/2011 - "In the present work, the clinical applications of PDT for the treatment of chromoblastomycosis are evaluated. " 11/01/2014 - "Successful sequential treatment with itraconazole and ALA-PDT for chromoblastomycosis because of Alternaria alternata." 02/01/2015 - "We treated one case of chromoblastomycosis by photodynamic therapy (PDT) of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) irradiation combined with terbinafine 250 mg a day. "
10.	Isoniazid (Ftivazide)FDA LinkGeneric 12/31/1957 - "[Chromoblastomycosis cured in a tuberculous patient during isoniazid therapy]." 01/24/1964 - "[1ST CASE OF CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS TREATED BY THE COMBINED ADMINISTRATION OF ISONIAZID AND POTASSIUM IODIDE FOR 4 YEARS. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 05/01/2015 - "Chromoblastomycosis Caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in a Renal Transplant Recipient From Delhi, India." 04/01/2010 - "We describe a case of chromoblastomycosis caused by Cladophialophora carrionii that occurred 7 years after transplantation in a 58-year-old male renal and pancreatic transplant recipient. " 03/01/2008 - "A rare case of chromoblastomycosis in a renal transplant recipient caused by a non-sporulating species of Rhytidhysteron." 05/01/2003 - "Chromomycosis due to Exophiala jeanselmei in a renal transplant recipient." 04/01/1997 - "Follow-up on a transplant recipient with chromomycosis."
2.	Cryosurgery 12/01/1978 - "Chromoblastomycosis was successfully treated by cryosurgery in a 55-year-old white man. " 12/01/1978 - "Chromoblastomycosis: cure by cryosurgery." 07/01/1980 - "Chromomycosis: report of a case and management by cryosurgery, topical chemotherapy, and conventional surgery." 01/01/1989 - "Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen is therefore an effective treatment for chromomycosis, especially for cases presenting with localized lesions." 05/01/2003 - "Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen is an option in the treatment of chromomycosis."
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 02/01/1983 - "We describe a case of chromomycosis of the lower extremities that is being successfully treated with ketoconazole and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) after treatment with ketoconazole alone had failed. " 01/01/1998 - "Immunohistochemical study of type I collagen turn-over and of matrix metalloproteinases in chromoblastomycosis before and after treatment by terbinafine."
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 02/01/2009 - "There are three treatment modalities, i.e., physical treatment, chemotherapy and combination therapy but their success is related to the causative agent, the clinical form and severity of the chromoblastomycosis lesions. " 06/01/1985 - "Even in the immunocompromised host, localized cutaneous chromomycosis may not require more aggressive systemic antifungal chemotherapy." 09/07/1968 - "Chemotherapy and conservative surgery in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis." 03/01/2012 - "In this article, we report the case of a rare primary chromoblastomycosis of the palate and chest in a 27-year-old man who was successfully treated with surgical resection and combined drug therapy, and eventually free tissue transfer reconstructive surgical procedure to cure the palatine defect." 07/01/1980 - "Chromomycosis: report of a case and management by cryosurgery, topical chemotherapy, and conventional surgery."
5.	Cryotherapy (Therapy, Cold) 03/01/2014 - "Chromoblastomycosis: response to combination therapy with cryotherapy and terbinafine." 08/01/2003 - "The association of oral itraconazole and cryotherapy did not modify the lymphatic alterations in chromoblastomycosis." 11/01/1995 - "Successful treatment of chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi by the combination of itraconazole and cryotherapy." 02/01/1995 - "Surgery, cryotherapy, heat therapy, and antimicrobial agents are used to treat chromoblastomycosis. " 04/01/2009 - "Chromoblastomycosis: combined treatment with pulsed itraconazole therapy and liquid nitrogen cryotherapy."