Choline Deficiency

A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Also Known As:

Networked: 409 relevant articles (5 outcomes, 49 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Fatty Liver
2.	Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
3.	Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma)
4.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
5.	Necrosis

Experts

1.	Zeisel, Steven H: 19 articles (01/2021 - 05/2002)
2.	da Costa, Kerry-Ann: 9 articles (05/2015 - 07/2004)
3.	Mellott, Tiffany J: 7 articles (09/2011 - 03/2004)
4.	Fischer, Leslie M: 7 articles (03/2011 - 07/2004)
5.	Bernhard, Wolfgang: 6 articles (02/2022 - 09/2018)
6.	Inazu, Masato: 6 articles (01/2021 - 06/2016)
7.	Yamanaka, Tsuyoshi: 6 articles (01/2021 - 06/2016)
8.	Sugiyama, Kimio: 6 articles (03/2015 - 01/2011)
9.	Craciunescu, Corneliu N: 6 articles (01/2010 - 07/2002)
10.	Zeisel, S H: 6 articles (06/2004 - 04/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Choline Deficiency:

1.	Choline (Choline Chloride)IBA 01/01/2006 - "Experimental designs, major results, and statistical criteria are summarized in Tables 1-4. Based on our reading of the literature, the evidence suggests that choline supplementation during development results in improved performance of offspring in cognitive or behavioral tests, and in changes in a variety of neurological functional indicators: (1) enhanced performance was observed, particularly on more difficult tasks; (2) increases (choline supplementation) or decreases (choline deficiency) were observed in electrophysiological responsiveness and size of neurons in offspring; and (3) supplementation resulted in some protection against adverse effects of several neurotoxic agents (including alcohol) in offspring. " 06/01/2021 - "As adequate choline supplementation was clinically effective and adult as well as pediatric CF patients suffer from choline deficiency, choline supplementation in CF patients of all ages should be evaluated." 11/01/2018 - "The study was designed to establish choline deficiency model (CDM) in broilers for evaluating efficacy of polyherbal formulation (PHF) in comparison with synthetic choline chloride (SCC). " 01/01/2020 - "The present study also assesed whether choline deficiency or the inhibited choline uptake affected cell viability and apoptosis. " 05/01/2007 - "The objective of the study was to evaluate the dietary requirements for choline in healthy men and women and to investigate the clinical sequelae of choline deficiency. "
2.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 07/01/2006 - "However, choline deficiency lowered fasting plasma insulin (from 983 +/- 175 to 433 +/- 36 pmol/l, P < 0.01) and improved glucose tolerance on a high-fat diet. " 01/01/2012 - "Choline deficiency also decreased plasma glucose level and improved glucose and insulin tolerance although fatty liver was exacerbated. " 01/01/2023 - "In plasma, dietary choline deficiency altered protein networks associated with insulin metabolism, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and fructose metabolic processing. "
3.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "Choline Deficiency Attenuates Body Weight Gain and Improves Glucose Tolerance in ob/ob Mice." 07/01/2006 - "However, choline deficiency lowered fasting plasma insulin (from 983 +/- 175 to 433 +/- 36 pmol/l, P < 0.01) and improved glucose tolerance on a high-fat diet. " 01/01/2012 - "Choline deficiency also decreased plasma glucose level and improved glucose and insulin tolerance although fatty liver was exacerbated. " 06/01/2006 - "Etiologic factors specifically related to the PN formulation or nutrient intake have also been evaluated, including excessive calorie intake, dextrose-to-lipid ratio, amino acid dose, taurine deficiency, IV fat emulsion (IVFE) dose, carnitine deficiency, choline deficiency, and continuous vs cyclic infusion. "
4.	Methionine (L-Methionine)FDA Link 04/01/2019 - "In this study, we investigated the effects of methionine and choline deficiency on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neural stem cell (NSC) lineage in the adult stage. " 05/01/2011 - "The present study examined changes of cancellous and cortical bone in rats with combined methionine-choline deficiency (MCD). " 06/22/2023 - "Plin5 was overexpressed in the liver of mice by tail vein injection of adenovirus, and the process of NASH was simulated by methionine choline deficiency (MCD) diet. " 02/10/2023 - "A methionine and choline deficiency (MCD)-induced NASH mouse model was also established over 5-6 weeks of treatment. " 06/20/2022 - "Methods: C57BL/6 mice were fed with methionine-choline deficiency (MCD) diet for 2 weeks to establish an early NASH model, and the control group was fed with normal diet. "
5.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 03/01/1979 - "The parallelism between xanthurenuria and liver affections caused by protein and choline deficiency was studied. " 03/01/1979 - "[Xanthurenuria at different stages of liver lesion induced by protein and choline deficiency]." 03/01/1975 - "Depending upon the time of its application the protein-choline deficiency produced in rats a moderate fatty infiltration, a developed lipohepatosis, fibrosis and nodular liver cirrhosis. " 06/02/2007 - "In the current study, we found that, during postnatal period [postnatal days (P) 18-480], prenatal choline deficiency increased the expression of CHT mRNA in the septum and CHT mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus and altered the pattern of CHT immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus. " 01/01/2017 - "In contrast, choline deficiency upregulated the mRNA levels of GPx4a, GPx4b, mGST1, mGST2, GST-theta, GST-mu, Keap1a and PKC in the hepatopancreas, mGST3, nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Keap1a in the intestine, as well as hepatopancreatic Nrf2 protein levels. "
6.	Triglycerides (Triacylglycerol)IBA 02/01/1990 - "We confirmed previous studies that choline deficiency promotes 6.5-fold accumulation of triacyglycerol in the liver (23.9 +/- 6.0 versus 3.69 +/- 0.92 mumol/g liver) and reduction of triacylglycerol concentration in plasma by 60% (0.17 +/- 0.04 versus 0.46 +/- 0.10 mumol/mL plasma). " 10/01/1965 - "Studies on the rapid accumulation of triglyceride in the liver in choline deficiency." 03/01/1987 - "The results show that extra Ca2+ when added to the CD diet prevented some of the early changes due to choline deficiency, such as nuclear lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, but had little or no effect on the triglyceride accumulation in the liver. " 04/01/1965 - "IMPAIRMENT OF TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSPORT FROM THE LIVER IN CHOLINE DEFICIENCY." 03/01/2007 - "Liver triacylglycerol accumulation and oxidative stress are common in cystic fibrosis (CF) and also occur in choline deficiency. "
7.	EthionineIBA 07/01/1986 - "In animals receiving ethionine plus choline deficiency, significant changes in ALDH were observed histochemically by 9 weeks, when there was a distinct shift in activity from its normal centrilobular pattern to a periportal distribution. " 09/01/1976 - "Choline deficiency enhances greatly the pancreatotoxicity of DL-ethionine. " 10/01/1975 - "Possible mechanisms whereby choline deficiency potentiates the pancreatotoxicity of ethionine in mice are discussed." 03/01/1969 - "Influence of ethionine on choline-deficiency fatty liver." 11/01/2010 - "The age dependence of the oval cell response and bile duct carcinomas of male F344 rats exposed to a cyclic choline deficiency-ethionine (CDE) diet (2 weeks on, 1 week off) supports the concept of loss of potential of liver stem cells to form cancers with aging. "
8.	Carnitine (L-Carnitine)FDA LinkGeneric 06/05/2013 - "The study investigates the effects of choline deficiency on myocardial performance in adult rats and the possible modifications after carnitine administration. " 06/05/2013 - "In conclusion, choline deficiency in adult rats impairs heart performance; carnitine acts against these changes." 06/05/2013 - "Heart dysfunction induced by choline-deficiency in adult rats: the protective role of L-carnitine." 05/01/1994 - "Previous reports in animals indicate that choline deficiency alters carnitine metabolism. " 05/01/1968 - "Choline deficiency and carnitine depletion."
9.	Nonesterified Fatty Acids (NEFA)IBA 11/01/2001 - "The aim of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and serum levels of free fatty acids, choline deficiency, or celiac disease. " 07/01/2006 - "We conclude that liver fat accumulation per se does not cause insulin resistance during high-fat feeding and that choline deficiency may shunt potentially toxic free fatty acids toward innocuous storage triglyceride in the liver." 01/01/2020 - "CircRNA_002581 knockdown was used to study its roles in high concentration of free fatty acids-induced NASH-like cell model and a methionine and choline deficiency (MCD) diet-induced NASH mice model. " 07/01/2006 - "In mice on 30% fat diet, choline deficiency increased liver mRNA levels of the rate-limiting enzyme in phosphatidylcholine synthesis and of enzymes involved in free fatty acid esterification, without affecting those of de novo lipogenesis or fatty acid oxidation. "
10.	Folic Acid (Vitamin M)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2023 - "Studies of folate or choline deficiency have found reduced blastocyst development and implantation, reduced placental invasion, vascularisation and nutrient transport capability, impaired fetal brain development, and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes. " 01/01/2012 - "The individual contribution of dietary folate and choline deficiency to NTD incidence in this mouse model is not known. " 04/01/2011 - "We examined whether genetic disruption of the Shmt1 gene in mice induces NTDs in response to maternal folate and choline deficiency and whether a corresponding disruption in de novo thymidylate biosynthesis underlies NTD pathogenesis. " 11/01/2005 - "We examined whether major genetic variants of folate metabolism modify susceptibility of humans to choline deficiency. " 01/01/1996 - "Results are discussed on the basis of the possibility that choline deficiency and MTX treatment appear to impair the capacity of tissues, either a peripheral one as liver or a central one as brain, to incorporate folate."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Total Parenteral Nutrition 05/01/1994 - "Recent studies in humans suggest that choline deficiency occurs in individuals during long term total parenteral nutrition. " 01/01/2001 - "Choline deficiency is associated with hepatic abnormalities in adult volunteers and patients administered total parenteral nutrition (TPN). " 09/01/1985 - "Information regarding hepatic function during total parenteral nutrition in rats is often extrapolated to the clinical situation, but the steatosis observed in that species may simply reflect choline deficiency and be irrelevant to man. " 09/20/1980 - "Choline deficiency associated with total parenteral nutrition." 07/01/2000 - "Choline deficiency may develop in malnourished patients, those with cirrhosis, and those who require total parenteral nutrition. "
2.	Parenteral Nutrition 07/01/2006 - "Assessment of DNA damage and apoptosis in lymphocytes appears to be a clinically useful measure in humans (such as those receiving parenteral nutrition) in whom choline deficiency is suspected." 10/01/2003 - "Choline deficiency during parenteral nutrition in humans." 09/01/2001 - "Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial." 11/01/1995 - "Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation." 11/01/2009 - "Evidence has accumulated that hepatic steatosis, which occurs during parenteral nutrition therapy, develops as a result of choline deficiency because endogenous production of choline from parenterally infused methionine is deficient. "
3.	Catheters 07/01/2006 - "This study was undertaken to determine whether choline deficiency is a risk factor for development of catheter thrombosis. " 07/01/2006 - "Choline deficiency is associated with increased risk for venous catheter thrombosis." 07/01/2006 - "Choline deficiency is a significant risk factor for development of catheter thrombosis in patients with intestinal failure who require PN." 07/01/2011 - "Choline deficiency leads to steatohepatitis, elevated transaminases, susceptibility to septic shock, and an increased risk of central catheter thrombosis. "
4.	Ketogenic Diet 01/01/2013 - "To understand the independent and synergistic roles of protein restriction and choline deficiency on the pleiotropic effects of rodent ketogenic diets, we studied four custom diets that differ only in protein (5% kcal vs. 10% kcal) and choline contents (300 mg/kg vs. 5 g/kg). " 01/01/2013 - "Role of choline deficiency in the Fatty liver phenotype of mice fed a low protein, very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet." 01/01/2013 - "These studies indicate that synergistic effects of protein restriction and choline deficiency influence integrated metabolism and hepatic pathology in mice when nutritional fat content is very high, and support the consideration of dietary choline content in ketogenic diet studies in rodents to limit hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and fat accumulation. "
5.	Ligation 07/01/1994 - "This study explores the effects of liver injuries induced in rats by the administration of acute carbon tetrachloride, chronic bile duct ligation and chronic choline deficiency for 30 weeks on the glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol, both before and after solubilization of the microsomes and compares this to three measures of oxidation. "