Choline Deficiency

A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Also Known As:

Networked: 303 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 29 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Fatty Liver
2.	Necrosis
3.	Thrombosis (Thrombus)
4.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
5.	Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma)

Experts

1.	Zeisel, Steven H: 18 articles (05/2015 - 05/2002)
2.	da Costa, Kerry-Ann: 9 articles (05/2015 - 07/2004)
3.	Mellott, Tiffany J: 7 articles (09/2011 - 03/2004)
4.	Fischer, Leslie M: 7 articles (03/2011 - 07/2004)
5.	Sugiyama, Kimio: 6 articles (03/2015 - 01/2011)
6.	Craciunescu, Corneliu N: 6 articles (01/2010 - 07/2002)
7.	Blusztajn, Jan Krzysztof: 5 articles (01/2009 - 03/2004)
8.	Zeisel, S H: 5 articles (06/2004 - 04/2000)
9.	Buchman, A L: 5 articles (11/2001 - 07/2000)
10.	Liu, Ying: 4 articles (01/2012 - 01/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Choline Deficiency:

1.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "Choline Deficiency Attenuates Body Weight Gain and Improves Glucose Tolerance in ob/ob Mice." 07/01/2006 - "However, choline deficiency lowered fasting plasma insulin (from 983 +/- 175 to 433 +/- 36 pmol/l, P < 0.01) and improved glucose tolerance on a high-fat diet. " 01/01/2012 - "Choline deficiency also decreased plasma glucose level and improved glucose and insulin tolerance although fatty liver was exacerbated. " 06/01/2006 - "Etiologic factors specifically related to the PN formulation or nutrient intake have also been evaluated, including excessive calorie intake, dextrose-to-lipid ratio, amino acid dose, taurine deficiency, IV fat emulsion (IVFE) dose, carnitine deficiency, choline deficiency, and continuous vs cyclic infusion. "
2.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 07/01/2006 - "However, choline deficiency lowered fasting plasma insulin (from 983 +/- 175 to 433 +/- 36 pmol/l, P < 0.01) and improved glucose tolerance on a high-fat diet. " 01/01/2012 - "Choline deficiency also decreased plasma glucose level and improved glucose and insulin tolerance although fatty liver was exacerbated. "
3.	Choline (Choline Chloride)IBA 01/01/2006 - "Experimental designs, major results, and statistical criteria are summarized in Tables 1-4. Based on our reading of the literature, the evidence suggests that choline supplementation during development results in improved performance of offspring in cognitive or behavioral tests, and in changes in a variety of neurological functional indicators: (1) enhanced performance was observed, particularly on more difficult tasks; (2) increases (choline supplementation) or decreases (choline deficiency) were observed in electrophysiological responsiveness and size of neurons in offspring; and (3) supplementation resulted in some protection against adverse effects of several neurotoxic agents (including alcohol) in offspring. " 05/01/2007 - "The objective of the study was to evaluate the dietary requirements for choline in healthy men and women and to investigate the clinical sequelae of choline deficiency. " 04/01/2006 - "Studies suggest DEA inhibits choline uptake and causes biochemical changes consistent with choline deficiency (CD). " 09/01/2005 - "Our recent studies have demonstrated that generation of ROS is associated with choline deficiency (CD)-induced apoptosis in CWSV-1 cells, an immortalized rat hepatocyte that becomes tumorigenic by stepwise culturing in decreasing levels of choline. " 08/21/1997 - "In additional studies, we found that choline deficiency in the Zucker rat did not result in activation of PKC in liver, unlike our earlier observations in the choline deficient Fischer rat. "
4.	Methionine (L-Methionine)FDA Link 05/01/2011 - "The present study examined changes of cancellous and cortical bone in rats with combined methionine-choline deficiency (MCD). " 04/01/2015 - "LA supplementation may be used in order to prevent brain oxidative injury induced by methionine and choline deficiency. " 11/01/2014 - "However, the mechanism of NASH development by dietary methionine/choline deficiency remains undetermined. " 05/01/2011 - "Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a normal diet (normal), high fat diet (HF), and a methionine-choline deficiency diet for 1 week (MCD 1W) and 5 weeks (MCD 5W), were used. " 05/01/1989 - "Hepatic methionine concentrations decreased by less than 20%, with most of this decrease occurring between days 3 and 7 of choline deficiency. "
5.	EthionineIBA 07/01/1986 - "In animals receiving ethionine plus choline deficiency, significant changes in ALDH were observed histochemically by 9 weeks, when there was a distinct shift in activity from its normal centrilobular pattern to a periportal distribution. " 09/01/1976 - "Choline deficiency enhances greatly the pancreatotoxicity of DL-ethionine. " 10/01/1975 - "Possible mechanisms whereby choline deficiency potentiates the pancreatotoxicity of ethionine in mice are discussed." 03/01/1969 - "Influence of ethionine on choline-deficiency fatty liver." 11/01/2010 - "The age dependence of the oval cell response and bile duct carcinomas of male F344 rats exposed to a cyclic choline deficiency-ethionine (CDE) diet (2 weeks on, 1 week off) supports the concept of loss of potential of liver stem cells to form cancers with aging. "
6.	Triglycerides (Triacylglycerol)IBA 02/01/1990 - "We confirmed previous studies that choline deficiency promotes 6.5-fold accumulation of triacyglycerol in the liver (23.9 +/- 6.0 versus 3.69 +/- 0.92 mumol/g liver) and reduction of triacylglycerol concentration in plasma by 60% (0.17 +/- 0.04 versus 0.46 +/- 0.10 mumol/mL plasma). " 03/01/2007 - "Liver triacylglycerol accumulation and oxidative stress are common in cystic fibrosis (CF) and also occur in choline deficiency. " 07/01/1968 - "Choline-deficiency fatty liver: impaired release of hepatic triglycerides." 05/01/1962 - "Interference with secretion of triglycerides by the liver as a common factor in toxic liver injury with some observations on choline deficiency fatty liver." 10/01/1990 - "The addition of MTX treatment to choline deficiency resulted in a larger decrease in AdoMet concentrations (to 75% control) and larger increases in AdoHcy and triacylglycerol concentrations (to 150% and 500% control, respectively) than was observed in choline deficiency alone. "
7.	Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)IBA 01/01/1988 - "The effects of a choline deficiency on the lipid composition and ethanol tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster." 04/01/1970 - "Effect of ethanol and choline deficiency." 10/15/1989 - "In this study special care was taken to discriminate between the direct effect of ethanol on hepatocarcinogenesis and secondary effects such as choline deficiency or fatty liver. " 10/01/1993 - "Intestinal iron transport was unaffected by ethanol, CCl4, or choline deficiency. " 04/01/1971 - "Ethanol feeding and choline deficiency as influences on hepatic choline uptake."
8.	Carnitine (L-Carnitine)FDA LinkGeneric 06/05/2013 - "The study investigates the effects of choline deficiency on myocardial performance in adult rats and the possible modifications after carnitine administration. " 06/05/2013 - "In conclusion, choline deficiency in adult rats impairs heart performance; carnitine acts against these changes." 06/05/2013 - "Heart dysfunction induced by choline-deficiency in adult rats: the protective role of L-carnitine." 05/01/1994 - "Previous reports in animals indicate that choline deficiency alters carnitine metabolism. " 05/01/1968 - "Choline deficiency and carnitine depletion."
9.	Carbon Tetrachloride (Tetrachloromethane)IBA 03/01/2011 - "Carbon tetrachloride and methionine/choline deficiency were used as chronic liver injury models. " 10/01/1993 - "Effects of alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, and choline deficiency on iron metabolism in the rat." 05/01/1968 - "Impairment of plasma glycoprotein synthesis in choline deficiency compared with effects of carbon tetrachloride intoxication." 07/01/1994 - "This study explores the effects of liver injuries induced in rats by the administration of acute carbon tetrachloride, chronic bile duct ligation and chronic choline deficiency for 30 weeks on the glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol, both before and after solubilization of the microsomes and compares this to three measures of oxidation. " 03/01/2001 - "It is hypothesized that the liver has 3 levels of cells in the hepatic lineage that respond to injury or carcinogenesis: 1) the mature hepatocyte, which responds to partial hepatectomy (PH), to centrolobular injury, such as that induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), and to dimethylnitrosamine (DEN) hepatocarcinogenesis; 2) the ductular "bipolar" progenitor cell, which responds to centrolobular injury when the proliferation of hepatocytes is inhibited, and to N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) hepatocarcinogenesis; and 3) the putative periductular stem cell, which responds to periportal injury, such as induced by allyl alcohol and to choline-deficiency models of hepatocarcinogenesis. "
10.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)IBA 06/02/2007 - "In the current study, we found that, during postnatal period [postnatal days (P) 18-480], prenatal choline deficiency increased the expression of CHT mRNA in the septum and CHT mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus and altered the pattern of CHT immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus. " 03/01/2012 - "ApoAI mRNA was reduced in livers of Mthfr(+/-) mice and ApoAI protein was reduced due to Mthfr deficiency or choline deficiency in liver and plasma. " 08/01/2009 - "SLC44A1 mRNA and protein expression were down-regulated during choline deficiency. " 07/01/2006 - "In mice on 30% fat diet, choline deficiency increased liver mRNA levels of the rate-limiting enzyme in phosphatidylcholine synthesis and of enzymes involved in free fatty acid esterification, without affecting those of de novo lipogenesis or fatty acid oxidation. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Total Parenteral Nutrition 05/01/1994 - "Recent studies in humans suggest that choline deficiency occurs in individuals during long term total parenteral nutrition. " 01/01/2001 - "Choline deficiency is associated with hepatic abnormalities in adult volunteers and patients administered total parenteral nutrition (TPN). " 09/01/1985 - "Information regarding hepatic function during total parenteral nutrition in rats is often extrapolated to the clinical situation, but the steatosis observed in that species may simply reflect choline deficiency and be irrelevant to man. " 09/20/1980 - "Choline deficiency associated with total parenteral nutrition." 07/01/2000 - "Choline deficiency may develop in malnourished patients, those with cirrhosis, and those who require total parenteral nutrition. "
2.	Parenteral Nutrition 07/01/2006 - "Assessment of DNA damage and apoptosis in lymphocytes appears to be a clinically useful measure in humans (such as those receiving parenteral nutrition) in whom choline deficiency is suspected." 10/01/2003 - "Choline deficiency during parenteral nutrition in humans." 09/01/2001 - "Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial." 11/01/1995 - "Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation." 11/01/2009 - "Evidence has accumulated that hepatic steatosis, which occurs during parenteral nutrition therapy, develops as a result of choline deficiency because endogenous production of choline from parenterally infused methionine is deficient. "
3.	Catheters 07/01/2006 - "This study was undertaken to determine whether choline deficiency is a risk factor for development of catheter thrombosis. " 07/01/2006 - "Choline deficiency is a significant risk factor for development of catheter thrombosis in patients with intestinal failure who require PN." 07/01/2006 - "Choline deficiency is associated with increased risk for venous catheter thrombosis." 07/01/2011 - "Choline deficiency leads to steatohepatitis, elevated transaminases, susceptibility to septic shock, and an increased risk of central catheter thrombosis. "
4.	Ketogenic Diet 01/01/2013 - "Role of choline deficiency in the Fatty liver phenotype of mice fed a low protein, very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet." 01/01/2013 - "These studies indicate that synergistic effects of protein restriction and choline deficiency influence integrated metabolism and hepatic pathology in mice when nutritional fat content is very high, and support the consideration of dietary choline content in ketogenic diet studies in rodents to limit hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and fat accumulation. " 01/01/2013 - "To understand the independent and synergistic roles of protein restriction and choline deficiency on the pleiotropic effects of rodent ketogenic diets, we studied four custom diets that differ only in protein (5% kcal vs. 10% kcal) and choline contents (300 mg/kg vs. 5 g/kg). "
5.	Ligation 07/01/1994 - "This study explores the effects of liver injuries induced in rats by the administration of acute carbon tetrachloride, chronic bile duct ligation and chronic choline deficiency for 30 weeks on the glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol, both before and after solubilization of the microsomes and compares this to three measures of oxidation. "