Cholesteatoma

A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1253 relevant articles (49 outcomes, 174 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Suppurative Otitis Media
2.	Granuloma
3.	Inflammation
4.	Cysts
5.	Fistula

Experts

1.	Olszewska, Ewa: 13 articles (03/2015 - 05/2002)
2.	Chole, Richard A: 10 articles (08/2012 - 03/2002)
3.	Naim, Ramin: 10 articles (05/2007 - 01/2003)
4.	Hormann, Karl: 9 articles (05/2007 - 05/2003)
5.	Sadick, Haneen: 8 articles (05/2007 - 06/2004)
6.	Kuczkowski, Jerzy: 7 articles (09/2014 - 01/2004)
7.	Bran, Gregor: 7 articles (09/2005 - 01/2003)
8.	Riedel, Frank: 7 articles (08/2005 - 01/2003)
9.	Migirov, Lela: 6 articles (11/2015 - 12/2006)
10.	Vercruysse, Jean-Philippe: 6 articles (09/2015 - 10/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cholesteatoma:

1.	Aminocaproic Acids (EAC)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2005 - "It was particularly effective in cholesteatomas in the EAC, attic cholesteatomas with an aerated mastoid, and in recurrent-type cholesteatomas. " 08/01/2015 - "Cholesteatoma specimens of 28 patients and external auditory canal (EAC) skin specimens of the same patients (as the control group) were collected from mastoidectomies. " 09/01/2014 - "This case series reports a novel pattern of iatrogenic cholesteatoma formation near the BC junction of the EAC that can occur years after ICW mastoidectomy. " 09/01/2014 - "Retrospective case series Tertiary referral center Patients with cholesteatoma formation arising from the bony-cartilaginous (BC) junction of the external auditory canal (EAC) requiring surgical intervention were retrospectively identified across a 5-year period. " 07/01/2014 - "The univariate analysis revealed that the absence of EAC cholesteatoma (p = 0.029) and the presence of a partial atretic plate (p = 0.040) were significant predictive factors for favorable hearing prognosis, whereas the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that an absence of EAC cholesteatoma was the most significant favorable predictive factor (p = 0.011), followed by anterolateral position of the malleus/incus complex with respect to the stapes as the second-most favorable factor (p = 0.021). "
2.	Fluorouracil (Carac)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1985 - "The use of topical 5-fluorouracil in the management of hyperkeratosis, cholesteatoma in the middle ear and mastoid, and in the external canal has been almost 100% effective with very few side effects. " 10/01/1985 - "A retrospective study has suggested a very impressive efficacy of topical 5-fluorouracil in the management of cholesteatoma and, to a lesser degree, control of hyper-mucus-secreting cells at locations in the middle ear and mastoid. " 12/01/2005 - "5-FU topical cream appeared effective for the treatment of cholesteatomas." 01/01/1987 - "The use of applied 5-Fluorouracil is effective in the treatment of cholesteatoma. " 12/01/2005 - "Clinical efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) topical cream for treatment of cholesteatoma."
3.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/01/1989 - "In five cases of labyrinthine fistulae caused by extensive cholesteatoma, more than 30-dB improvement in bone conduction was observed in four postoperative cases and in one case after preoperative administration of antibiotics. " 01/01/2012 - "High hydrostatic pressure conditions that are suitable to inactivate cholesteatoma cells fail to completely sterilize ossicles even if antibiotics are added. " 09/01/2005 - "All were treated with thoroughly cleaning of the cholesteatoma, degeneration tissue and sequestrum and the application of antibiotics. " 10/01/1992 - "We believe that our data may contribute to the appropriate choice of antibiotics when nonsurgical management of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma is considered." 12/01/2006 - "The incidence of complications of chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma has decreased since the proliferation of antibiotics early in the twentieth century. "
4.	Ceftazidime (Fortum)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1992 - "Our results demonstrate that a regiment combining daily aural toilet and twice daily parenteral ceftazidime is highly efficacious in resolving ear discharge in children with chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma and that such a regimen does not require hospitalization." 03/01/1993 - "Ceftazidime for therapy of children with chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma." 10/01/1994 - "Twice-daily canal aspiration and parenteral ceftazidime for Gram-negative organisms and/or oxacillin for Gram-positive bacteria for 3 days after dryness of the middle ear followed by prophylactic oral antimicrobials are effective for treatment of most chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma patients." 01/01/2000 - "In a prospective, open, randomized trial, ceftazidime was given to 15 children and aztreonam to another 15 children with chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma (CSOM). " 06/01/1990 - "To determine whether systemic administration of antibiotics may eliminate or reduce the need for tympanomastoid surgery in chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma, we undertook a randomized, prospective study comparing three regimens: (1) daily suction and débridement, with intravenous administration of mezlocillin until 3 days after the discharge stopped, (2) daily suction and débridement, with intravenous use of ceftazidime until 3 days after the discharge stopped, and (3) daily suction and débridement without antibiotics. "
5.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1997 - "To evaluate the efficacy of ciprofloxacin compared with tobramycin and placebo ear drops in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma. " 08/01/1992 - "We admitted to the study only adult patients affected by chronic otitis media in the acute stage with perforation of the tympanic membrane, without cholesteatoma, whose bacteriological culture was positive for Pseudomonas susceptible in vitro to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. " 08/01/2003 - "In topical administration, a difference was only observed in the cholesteatoma and chronic middle ear infection with bone reabsorption groups, in those patients that were administered the ciprofloxacin with fluocinolone. " 03/01/2002 - "To evaluate the efficacy of topical ciprofloxacin and tobramycin with and without topical dexamethasone in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma. "
6.	Tobramycin (Nebcin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1997 - "To evaluate the efficacy of ciprofloxacin compared with tobramycin and placebo ear drops in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma. " 03/01/2002 - "To evaluate the efficacy of topical ciprofloxacin and tobramycin with and without topical dexamethasone in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma. "
7.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 02/01/2001 - "This study revealed significantly increased level of TNF-alpha in cholesteatoma tissues. " 01/01/2001 - "To study the expression of TNF-alpha in the cholesteatoma and elucidate the role of TNF-alpha in the destruction of bone. " 01/01/2001 - "[The study of TNF-alpha destructive action to the bone in human middle cholesteatoma]." 03/01/1999 - "An attempt was made in this study to show a correlation between TNF-alpha and cholesteatoma associated bone destruction by localizing TNF-alpha in cholesteatoma and measuring its serum level. " 03/01/1999 - "This study was undertaken to define the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in bone destruction associated with cholesteatoma. "
8.	CholesterolIBA 04/01/1982 - "'Cholesteatoma' of the orbit is a variant of pseudotumor histologically characterized by masses of cholesterol crystals. " 05/01/1973 - "[Cholesterol analysis in cholesteatoma]." 08/01/1971 - "[Investigation on cholesterol crystals in cholesteatoma by several examinations]." 03/01/1968 - "[The crystal form of cholesterol in cholesteatoma]." 03/01/1998 - "The most common cystic lesion was cholesterol granuloma, which constituted 60% of all lesions in the study, followed by cholesteatoma (9%). "
9.	Keratins (Keratin)IBA 01/01/2014 - "Currently, the most widely acknowledged pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma is the theory that negative pressure, dysfunction of the Eustachian tube, causes a deepening retraction pocket that, when obstructed, desquamated keratin cannot be cleared from the recess, and a cholesteatoma results. " 10/01/2014 - "Mycological study on cholesteatoma keratin obtained during primary mastoid surgery." 04/01/2013 - "This study demonstrates the feasibility of high-resolution optical imaging to discriminate cholesteatoma from uninvolved middle ear mucosa based on the unique staining properties of keratin. " 10/01/2014 - "Moreover, saprophytic fungal colonisation in cholesteatoma keratin may be responsible for the fetor commonly associated with the ear discharge." 10/01/2014 - "This prospective case study aimed to explore the incidence and nature of fungal elements in cholesteatoma keratin samples obtained during primary mastoid surgery. "
10.	Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)IBA 01/01/2013 - "In this investigation, we studied the effects of EGF on the proliferation of keratinocytes and EGF-mediated signaling pathways underlying the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma. " 04/01/2008 - "Significant correlation between the immunofluorescence signals was found for KGF-R and cytokeratins only, demonstrating that KGF-R expression is increased in more differentiated areas of the cholesteatoma tissue, while EGF-R is associated with proliferative and migratory portions of the lesion." 04/01/2008 - "To obtain information on the biological behaviour of cholesteatoma by assessing the expression and localization of EGF-R and KGF-R and correlating their tissue distribution with that of cytokeratins as a marker of differentiation. " 01/01/2004 - "No statistical difference in EGF expression was found between cholesteatoma and normal postauricular skin samples. " 04/01/2002 - "The overexpression of EGFR suggest a hyperproliferative state in cholesteatoma and there is a close relationship between the EGF and hyperproliferation of cholesteatoma. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Tympanoplasty 01/01/2004 - "The best treatment results in children cholesteatoma are obtained in early clinical stage and with open tympanoplasty procedure." 01/01/1983 - "The 3A-scopy was effective in postoperative observations of the cavity which had undergone intact canal wall tympanoplasty, especially in the diagnosis of recurrent or residual cholesteatoma and in the observation of the postoperative cavity in the cases with long-standing discharge." 12/01/2013 - "To review long-term hearing results after intact canal wall mastoidectomy with tympanoplasty for treatment of cholesteatoma and to identify factors associated with improved hearing outcomes. " 03/01/2012 - "In the 2 ears without improved hearing, the first had congenital cholesteatoma and no stapes superstructure, was treated with type IV tympanoplasty. " 11/01/2003 - "In cholesteatoma, cartilage tympanoplasty using the palisade technique resulted in precise reconstruction of the TM and helped reduce recurrence. "
2.	Endoscopes 08/01/2008 - "The endoscope allowed a better understanding of cholesteatoma and improved eradication of residual disease from hidden areas such as the anterior epitympanic recess, retrotympanum, and hypotympanum not yet controllable by the operating microscope." 01/01/2001 - "Combined use of an operating microscope and a middle ear endoscope seems to be helpful for selecting an appropriate surgical technique and for identifying more patients in whom cholesteatoma can be removed by a trans-canal approach alone. " 04/01/1994 - "It is concluded from this study that side-viewing endoscopes could be very useful in cholesteatoma surgery." 01/01/2014 - "The transcanal endoscopic approach was applied in 14 of the patients with residual/recurrent cholesteatoma, and the other 9 residual/recurrent lesions were eradicated using endoscope-assisted mastoidectomy. " 05/01/2012 - "According to authors' experience endoscopy is the most useful in: There were three cases of cholesteatoma recurrence in the study found only due to endoscope support. "
3.	Second-Look Surgery 02/01/2011 - "Studies using DW-non-EPI and DWI-PROPELLER sequences show promising results related to improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for even small (<5 mm) cholesteatomas, thus allowing avoidance of second-look surgery in the future." 01/01/1999 - "Therefore second look surgery is the gold standard study to diagnosis a residual cholesteatoma. " 01/01/2009 - "TSE DW MRI holds great promise in screening for cholesteatoma as an alternative to exploratory second-look surgery." 01/01/2009 - "In 16 cases shown to be negative on DW MRI for cholesteatoma, all were confirmed to be disease-free on second-look surgery. " 06/01/2008 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the role of non-echo-planar imaging (non-EPI)-based diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of residual cholesteatoma after canal wall-up mastoidectomy before eventual second-look surgery. "
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 06/01/2006 - "The main recent advances concern the use of cartilage grafts to reconstruct the canal wall and/or tympanic membrane (allowing a significant reduction in residual cholesteatoma) and progress in medical imaging allowing more acute preoperative determination of extension of the cholesteatoma (in order to propose an optimally designed surgical technique) and a less invasive postoperative follow-up." 12/01/1995 - "Canal repair success rates improved with the use of the middle temporal flap to improve canal wall vascularity Residual cholesteatoma has been prevented by staged surgery, and recurrent disease has been virtually abolished by aggressive prevention techniques which employ drum reinforcement with finely shaven cartilage-perichondrium composite grafts. " 07/01/2014 - "Three patients developed recurrent cholesteatomas, one an anterior pinhole perforation, and one a minimal graft anterior lateralization. " 09/01/2013 - "To describe the clinical features of external auditory canal cholesteatoma, and to assess the outcome following bony meatoplasty with tragal cartilage and perichondrium graft repair. " 06/01/2013 - "Tympanic membrane retraction occurred in three cases in underlay group 1, and tympanic membrane cholesteatoma pearls occurred in two cases in overlay group 2. The button graft technique is an effective and fast alternative for the repair of small tympanic membrane perforations if complete visualisation of the margin is possible. "
5.	Decompression 08/01/2006 - "Middle cranial fossa-mastoid process combining approach technique is effective for cholesteatoma in petrous bone and total decompression of facial nerve at the same stage. " 08/01/2006 - "To study the application of facial nerve monitoring and to estimate the therapeutic effectiveness of the total decompression of facial nerve during the surgery for cholesteatoma in petrous bone by middle cranial fossa-mastoid process approach. " 04/01/2007 - "Surgical treatment of the cholesteatoma and decompression of the facial nerve. " 08/01/2006 - "[Decompression and monitor of facial nerve during cholesteatoma surgery in petrous part of temporal bone]." 03/01/2000 - "Twenty-six patients underwent the selective trigeminal neurectomy, among them 2 cases of surgical removal of the cerebellopontine angle cholesteatoma and 2 cases of trigeminal never branch No. I splitting; four patients underwent microvascular decompression. "