Cholera Toxin

An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.

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Networked: 1174 relevant articles (52 outcomes, 80 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Qadri, Firdausi: 22 articles (10/2013 - 08/2003)
2.	Holmgren, Jan: 17 articles (01/2014 - 08/2002)
3.	Calderwood, Stephen B: 16 articles (10/2013 - 08/2003)
4.	Ryan, Edward T: 16 articles (10/2013 - 08/2003)
5.	Harris, Jason B: 13 articles (05/2012 - 08/2005)
6.	Holmgren, J: 11 articles (07/2013 - 10/2000)
7.	Chowdhury, Fahima: 11 articles (05/2012 - 11/2005)
8.	Khan, Ashraful I: 9 articles (05/2010 - 08/2005)
9.	Yuki, Yoshikazu: 7 articles (09/2015 - 12/2005)
10.	Kiyono, Hiroshi: 7 articles (09/2015 - 12/2005)

Related Diseases

1.	Cholera 10/17/2005 - "Owing to the antigenic similarity between cholera toxin and LT, immunization with inactivated oral B-subunit/whole-cell cholera vaccine (BS-WC) offers short term (3 months) but significant (>67%) protection against TD caused by LT-related ETEC. " 09/01/1990 - "The B subunit portion of cholera toxin (CTB) is a safe and effective oral immunizing agent in humans, affording protection against both cholera and diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli producing heat-labile toxin (LT) (Clemens et al., 1986; 1988). " 06/01/1983 - "These results confirm a protective role for mucosal antitoxin in experimental cholera and show that procholeragenoid is both safe and effective as an oral immunogen. " 06/01/2006 - "The licensure in the European Union of a killed whole cell cholera vaccine combined with the recombinant B subunit of cholera toxin (rCTB-WC) has stimulated interest in protection against cholera. " 04/01/2011 - "The results of this study suggest that altered El Tor biotype V. cholerae with the classical cholera toxin gene are involved in cholera outbreaks in India."
2.	Infection 04/01/2014 - "Intranasal immunization with inactivated SPY1 plus cholera toxin adjuvant elicited effective serotype-independent protection against the colonization of pneumococcal strains 19F and 4 as well as lethal infection of pneumococcal serotypes 2, 3, 14, and 6B. " 07/01/2011 - "Vaccine-induced protection against H pylori infection and its local and systemic immunological correlates were assessed in animal models, using cholera toxin or CAF01 as adjuvants. " 02/20/2006 - "Mucosal immunization with recombinant MOMP genetically linked with modified cholera toxin confers protection against Chlamydia trachomatis infection." 02/01/2004 - "Intranasal immunization of mice with group B streptococcal protein rib and cholera toxin B subunit confers protection against lethal infection." 10/01/1988 - "Protection against influenza virus infection by vaccine inoculated intranasally with cholera toxin B subunit."
3.	Diarrhea 01/01/1983 - "In field trials, immunization with procholeragenoid markedly decreased the incidence of diarrhea (85%) and death (84%) due to colibacillosis in neonatal piglets. " 02/01/1992 - "However, volunteer studies have shown that these non-cholera toxin-producing strains still provoke mild to moderate diarrhea in some individuals. " 04/01/1984 - "A randomized, controlled field trial was performed to test the ability of B subunit, the nontoxic, binding portion of cholera toxin, to block the toxin receptors (GM1 ganglioside) in the small intestine and thereby prevent diarrhea in individuals infected with Vibrio cholerae O1. " 03/01/1982 - "In three independent field trials, immunization with procholeragenoid resulted in a substantial decrease in diarrhea (73% in controls versus 11% in immunized) and death (4.7% in controls versus 0.77% in immunized) in neonatal piglets. " 11/04/2015 - "In addition, the effect of CG against secretory diarrhea was investigated using a model of fluid secretion in cholera toxin-treated intestinal closed loops in live mice. "
4.	Human Influenza (Influenza) 01/01/1992 - "Stimulation of the transepithelial flux of influenza HA vaccine by cholera toxin B subunit." 06/01/1990 - "Comparison of intranasal inoculation of influenza HA vaccine combined with cholera toxin B subunit with oral or parenteral vaccination." 01/01/1990 - "Enhancement of DTH response by cholera toxin B subunit inoculated intranasally together with influenza HA vaccine." 12/01/1989 - "Effectiveness of cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant for nasal influenza vaccination despite pre-existing immunity to CTB." 08/01/1989 - "The effectiveness of the two-dose regimen, composed of a primary intranasal inoculation of influenza A-type virus HA vaccine together with B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) and the subsequent intranasal inoculation of vaccine alone 4 weeks later, was examined. "
5.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 05/01/2014 - "Furthermore, it was demonstrated that cholera toxin downregulated the activation of the c-Raf/Mek/Erk cascade, an important mediator of tumor cell proliferation, via the PKA-dependent c-Raf phosphorylation at Ser-43. " 01/01/2011 - "Here we investigate the effect of cholera toxin B (CTB) and temperature on two pathological model systems: urothelial cell line RT4, as a model system of a benign tumor, and urothelial cell line T24, as a model system of a metastatic tumor. " 01/01/2011 - "Temperature and cholera toxin B are factors that influence formation of membrane nanotubes in RT4 and T24 urothelial cancer cell lines." 02/01/2008 - "The data demonstrate that a bacterial live vaccine encompassing T1SS in combination with cholera toxin subunit B can be successfully used for delivery of PSA to induce cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses resulting in an efficient prevention of tumor growth in mice." 08/11/1993 - "The effects of a differentiating agent (cholera toxin) and/or a tumor promoter (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate) were also examined. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Antigens
2.	Antibodies
3.	Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
4.	Carbon Monoxide
5.	Ovalbumin
6.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
7.	Cholera Toxin
8.	Membrane Proteins (Integral Membrane Proteins)
9.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)
10.	Vaccines

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Fluid Therapy (Oral Rehydration Therapy)
2.	Intranasal Administration
3.	Microspheres (Microsphere)
4.	Oral Administration
5.	Injections