Cholera

An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2664 relevant articles (203 outcomes, 319 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Diarrhea
2.	Infection
3.	Dehydration (Water Stress)
4.	Typhoid Fever (Typhoid)
5.	Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)

Experts

1.	Qadri, Firdausi: 55 articles (08/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Calderwood, Stephen B: 40 articles (08/2015 - 08/2003)
3.	Ryan, Edward T: 35 articles (08/2015 - 08/2003)
4.	Harris, Jason B: 31 articles (08/2015 - 08/2005)
5.	Chowdhury, Fahima: 23 articles (03/2015 - 01/2008)
6.	Clemens, John D: 21 articles (09/2015 - 03/2003)
7.	LaRocque, Regina C: 17 articles (07/2015 - 01/2008)
8.	Mekalanos, John J: 17 articles (04/2014 - 02/2005)
9.	Alam, Mohammad Murshid: 15 articles (07/2015 - 08/2009)
10.	Benitez, Jorge A: 15 articles (05/2015 - 07/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cholera:

1.	VaccinesIBA 11/27/2007 - "Recently, these vaccines were shown to confer significant levels of herd protection, suggesting that the protective potential of these vaccines has been underestimated and that these vaccines may be highly effective in cholera control when deployed in mass immunization programs. " 04/01/1991 - "The M-9 and Minnesota (MN) avirulent Pasteurella multocida vaccines were evaluated and compared with the Clemson University (CU) vaccine, which had been shown to be highly effective in preventing fowl cholera in turkeys. " 01/01/1986 - "As regards prophylaxis, until hygiene conditions can be improved, which is the only way cholera can be eradicated from our region, vaccination with oral vaccines such as that of the Institut Pasteur seems to be the best way of preventing further epidemics." 01/01/1992 - "During the last decade there has been a rapid progress in the development of new, much improved vaccines against cholera. " 07/01/1988 - "We conclude that BS-WC and WC vaccines confer significant protection against cholera, particularly in persons vaccinated when older than five years."
2.	AntibodiesIBA 12/01/1982 - "Antibodies to these fractions afforded low but significant protection against oral challenges with homologous classical V. cholerae in the infant mouse cholera model." 03/01/2011 - "These results suggest that protective immunity against V. cholerae is not likely mediated by the constitutive secretion of antibodies at the mucosal surface; our results are consistent with those of other studies that suggest instead that anamnestic immune responses of mucosal lymphocytes may play a major role in protection against cholera." 06/01/1991 - "Each vaccine conferred approximately 65% protective efficacy against cholera, but antibody titers did not correlate with vaccine efficacy, indicating that serum VC and anti-CT antibodies are poor markers of the longitudinal pattern of vaccine efficacy." 08/01/1991 - "Sera collected during the 1985 oral cholera vaccine trial in Matlab, Bangladesh, which demonstrated efficacy of a whole cell combined with cholera B subunit vaccine (WC/BS) and a whole cell only vaccine (WC), were analyzed for antitoxin and vibriocidal antibodies. " 07/01/1994 - "Role of antibodies against biotype-specific Vibrio cholerae pili in protection against experimental classical and El Tor cholera."
3.	Cholera ToxinIBA 10/17/2005 - "Owing to the antigenic similarity between cholera toxin and LT, immunization with inactivated oral B-subunit/whole-cell cholera vaccine (BS-WC) offers short term (3 months) but significant (>67%) protection against TD caused by LT-related ETEC. " 09/01/1990 - "The B subunit portion of cholera toxin (CTB) is a safe and effective oral immunizing agent in humans, affording protection against both cholera and diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli producing heat-labile toxin (LT) (Clemens et al., 1986; 1988). " 06/01/1983 - "These results confirm a protective role for mucosal antitoxin in experimental cholera and show that procholeragenoid is both safe and effective as an oral immunogen. " 06/01/2006 - "The licensure in the European Union of a killed whole cell cholera vaccine combined with the recombinant B subunit of cholera toxin (rCTB-WC) has stimulated interest in protection against cholera. " 04/01/2011 - "The results of this study suggest that altered El Tor biotype V. cholerae with the classical cholera toxin gene are involved in cholera outbreaks in India."
4.	AntigensIBA 02/01/1985 - "Persons with cholera manifested antitoxin responses that were similarly potent against all three toxin antigens; in fact, net optical density values were often slightly higher against LTh than against CT. " 06/01/1977 - "These results suggest that the sc-oral sequence of immunization is an efficient means of stimulating the enteric immune response to nonreplicating protein antigens and may provide an improved approach to immunization against cholera." 04/01/1987 - "A local mucosal immunological memory that could be efficiently triggered to protective antibody formation on renewed antigen exposure might account for the several-year long protection against reinfection and disease seen in individuals after cholera disease. " 06/01/2013 - "Immunity against cholera is serogroup specific, and immune responses to Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the antigen that mediates serogroup-specific responses, are associated with protection against disease. " 01/01/2013 - "A total of 94.3% of cholera vaccine recipients had a positive test after vaccination; all except one of these positive results were reactive only with the O139 antigen. "
5.	Tetracycline (Achromycin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1987 - "However, patients with cholera who received 1200 mg of BS plus tetracycline did not have significant reduction in stool output compared with patients who received tetracycline alone. " 01/01/2009 - "Tetracycline, recommended by the WHO for treating cholera in adults, was effective against all the strains tested. " 03/01/2002 - "The results of the study indicate that tetracycline therapy is clinically useful in the treatment of severe cholera due to V. cholerae O139 Bengal." 09/01/1989 - "These data indicate that a single dose of 1 g of tetracycline is effective in the treatment of cholera, but it is asymptomatic bacteriologic relapse. " 08/01/1989 - "Tetracycline remains effective in cholera. "
6.	Cholera VaccinesIBA 12/01/2014 - "Killed, oral cholera vaccines have proven safe and effective, and several large-scale mass cholera vaccination efforts have demonstrated the feasibility of widespread deployment. " 12/01/2011 - "Although new-generation oral cholera vaccines should not be considered in isolation from other preventive approaches, especially improved water quality and sanitation, they represent important tools in the public health armamentarium to control both endemic and epidemic cholera." 11/17/2015 - "In addition to improved sanitation, hygiene, and better access to safe water, oral cholera vaccines can help to control the spread of cholera in the short term. " 01/01/2014 - "Oral cholera vaccines cholera vaccines (OCVs) have been demonstrated to be effective in the control of cholera outbreaks, and constitute useful tools to be used in conjunction with efforts to improve WASH. " 04/01/1989 - "The advent of effective oral cholera vaccines gives hope for improved control of cholera in the Third World."
7.	ORALIT (ORS)IBA 12/01/1991 - "On the other hand, non-cholera patients treated with improved ORS had significantly smaller diarrhoeic stool volumes during the six to 24-hour significantly smaller diarrhoeic stool volumes during the six to 24-hour period (i.e. " 01/01/2001 - "Complex substrate ORS, which is also usually hypotonic, has been shown to have increased efficacy in cholera but not in other bacterial or viral diarrhoeas. " 04/01/1994 - " During the Bangladesh liberation war, Dr. Dilip Mahalanabis showed the efficacy of ORS in cholera cases among Bangladeshi refugees (1971-72) and Sircar et al in 1978 demonstrated the efficacy of ORS in a cholera epidemic in Manipur. " 12/01/1991 - "The improved ORS did not reduce the volume of diarrhoeic stools in cholera; indeed, patients with cholera who were treated with improved ORS had larger diarrhoea stool volumes. " 01/01/2011 - "Randomized controlled trials comparing ORS ≤ 270 with ORS ≥ 310 for treating adults and children with acute diarrhoea due to cholera. "
8.	cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgRIBA 12/01/1995 - "An engineered live oral cholera vaccine, strain CVD 103-HgR, has been shown in extensive clinical trials to be well tolerated by children and adults in less developed countries and highly immunogenic following administration of just a single oral dose; a large-scale field trial of the efficacy of this vaccine is underway. " 12/01/1993 - "An engineered live oral cholera vaccine, strain CVD 103-HgR, has been shown in extensive clinical trials to be well tolerated by children and adults in developing countries and highly immunogenic following administration of just a single oral dose; a large-scale field trial of the efficacy of this vaccine is underway. " 06/01/1993 - "In extensive clinical trials in adults and children in less-developed countries, an engineered live oral cholera vaccine, strain CVD 103-HgR, has been shown to be well tolerated and highly immunogenic following administration of just a single oral dose; a large-scale field trial in 70,000 subjects is underway to investigate the efficacy of this vaccine. " 10/01/1992 - "In challenge studies of US volunteers conducted 4-5 weeks after vaccination, CVD 103-HgR provided significant protection against experimental cholera due to classical and El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1. " 10/17/2005 - "A trial was performed to determine if CVD 103-HgR live oral cholera vaccine would provide a protective efficacy of at least 50% against TD. "
9.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 09/24/2005 - "Single-dose ciprofloxacin is effective for the treatment of severe cholera in adults. " 08/03/1996 - "Because of its favourable pharmacokinetics we thought it likely that single-dose ciprofloxacin would be effective in the treatment of cholera. " 01/01/2015 - "Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of Cholera Associated with Diminished Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin to Vibrio cholerae O1." 10/01/2010 - "Ciprofloxacin can still be used as first-line treatment of cholera in this region." 09/01/1997 - "To explore the efficacy of single dose ciprofloxacin therapy in cholera, a randomized, open, controlled clinical trial was carried out. "
10.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2010 - "Studies that are more recent show benefit of adding glucose to electrolyte solutions similar to those used in the treatment of cholera. " 08/01/1989 - "Six patients who received rice powder electrolyte solution and seven who received glucose electrolyte solution re-attended for a repeat study with the same test meal 16 days later, when fully recovered from cholera. " 04/01/1974 - "Use of an oral glucose-electrolyte solution in the treatment of paediatric cholera--a controlled study." 05/01/1968 - " This study leads to a conclusion that orally-administered glucose-electrolyte solutions can be valuable in cholera management, especially in situations where intravenous fluids are insufficient or inappropriate or where personnel skilled in their administration are lacking." 01/01/1957 - "Studies on glucose tolerance test in cholera."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Fluid Therapy (Oral Rehydration Therapy) 09/15/2002 - "Phillips embarked on cholera studies during the 1947 Egyptian cholera epidemic and brought them to maturity at NAMRU-2 (1958-1965), elucidating the pathophysiologic derangements induced by cholera and developing highly efficacious methods of intravenous rehydration. " 01/01/1998 - "Fortunately, effective water treatment has limited the spread of cholera in most of the developed world, and the treatment of cholera by oral rehydration has dramatically reduced the mortality rate." 03/01/2009 - "Safety of rapid intravenous rehydration and comparative efficacy of 3 oral rehydration solutions in the treatment of severely malnourished children with dehydrating cholera." 02/18/1998 - "In a situation with no available rehydration therapy suitable for the management of severe cholera, a strategy of preemptive therapy ($320 per death averted) costs less and is more effective than a strategy of reactive therapy ($586 per death averted). " 01/01/2000 - "Rice-based oral rehydration appears to be effective in reducing stool output in people with cholera. "
2.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 02/01/1982 - "Efficacy of short course antibiotic prophylaxis in controlling cholera in contacts during epidemic." 04/01/2007 - "Because the bacteria remains susceptible to antibiotic drugs, a well-targeted antibiotic prophylaxis made it possible to reduce direct human transmission of cholera. " 04/01/2007 - "Although it reduces the risk of the disease, mass antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended against cholera outbreaks, because it does not prevent contamination and is limited by contraindications, costs, and modes of administration. " 04/01/2007 - "[Large-scale selective antibiotic prophylaxis during the 2004 cholera outbreak in Douala (Cameroon)]." 11/01/2006 - "Factors associated with TD in the multivariable analysis were use of antibiotic prophylaxis (OR: 3.20), vaccination against cholera (OR: 1.44), history of advice for safe food and water consumption (OR: 1.46), being younger than 35 years of age (OR: 1.37), being a resident of the United States (OR: 1.28), not staying in hotels in Cuzco (OR: 1.13), and number of unsafe food or beverages consumed (OR: 1.04). "
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/1966 - "In a study designed to seek a suitable drug for mass chemotherapy during a cholera epidemic, four drugs were administered in single doses to patients with cholera in Iran. " 05/01/1951 - "Studies in the chemotherapy of cholera. " 05/01/1951 - "Studies in the chemotherapy of cholera. " 10/01/1950 - "Studies in the chemotherapy of cholera. " 07/01/1950 - "Studies in the chemotherapy of cholera. "
4.	Oral Administration 12/01/2012 - "The present study was carried out to examine the toxicity and target organs of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) after repeated oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats for 6 weeks (3 administrations, once every 2 weeks). " 07/01/2001 - "The study revealed that the APUD system of the intestine and the argyrophil elements of the immunocompetent organs of white mice gave a response to the oral administration of commercial cholera vaccine. " 11/05/2009 - "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and the immunogenicity of a 2 x 10(9)CFU dose of the 638 lyophilized live attenuated cholera vaccine for oral administration, formulated and produced at Finlay Institute, City of Havana, Cuba. " 12/01/1988 - "The ability is reported of a new oral cholera vaccine composed of Vibrio cholerae antigenic fractions to induce a serum and mucosal antibody response after three oral administrations of microgranules to 18 French volunteers according to different protocols of immunization. " 01/01/1983 - "The only truly effective means of immunization against cholera as yet demonstrated conclusively only in volunteers, are (a) recovery from the disease itself and (b) that observed following oral administration of living attenuated mutants. "
5.	Chemoprevention 01/01/2011 - "Our findings suggest that chemoprophylaxis has a protective effect among household contacts of people with cholera but the results are based on studies with a high risk of bias. " 03/01/1992 - "Chemoprophylaxis studies in cholera: a review of selective works." 01/01/2013 - "Renewed research regarding the use of chemoprophylaxis among family members of cholera cases may be warranted in rural endemic settings." 01/01/2011 - "We included controlled clinical trials (randomized and non-randomized) in which chemoprophylaxis was used to prevent cholera among patient contacts. " 01/01/2011 - "Our systematic review assesses the effects of chemoprophylaxis in preventing cholera among exposed contacts. "