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Chlorambucil (Leukeran)

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A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)

Also Known As:

Leukeran; 4-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)benzenebutanoic Acid; Amboclorin; CB-1348; Chloraminophene; Chlorbutin; Glaxo Wellcome Brand of Chlorambucil; GlaxoSmithKline Brand of Chlorambucil; Lympholysin; N,N-Di-(2-chloroethyl)-p-aminophenylbutyric Acid; NSC-3088; Wellcome Brand of Chlorambucil; CB 1348; CB1348; NSC 3088; NSC3088; Benzenebutanoic acid, 4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-

Networked: 1141 relevant articles (130 outcomes, 160 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Organic Chemicals: 58
- Hydrocarbons: 412
  - Halogenated Hydrocarbons: 31
    - Mustard Compounds: 2
      - Nitrogen Mustard Compounds: 1
        Chlorambucil: 1141
        Prednimustine: 104
        VAB-IV protocol: 30
        bestrabucil: 16
        chlorambucil-arachidonic acid conjugate: 14
        chlorambucil-docosahexaenoic acid conjugate: 13
        MDC protocol: 6
        VAB-III protocol: 5
        chlorambucil-tertiary butyl ester: 2
        3,3-difluorochlorambucil: 1
        chlorambucil N-oxide: 1
        chlorambucil-N-(2-(4-(4-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl)butyryl)aminoethyl)-5-(4-amidinophenyl)-2-furancarboxamide hydrochloride: 1
        chlorambucil-oleic acid conjugate: 1
        chlorambucil-spermidine conjugate: 1
        chlorambucil-taurocholate: 1
        1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-(4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)benzenebutanoyl)glycerol
        17-hydroxy-3-aza-A-homo-4-androsten-4-one (4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)butyrate
        17-hydroxy-4-aza-A-nor-5-androsten-3-one (4-N,N-bis(2-chloroethylamino)phenyl)butyrate
        3,4-dehydrochlorambucil
        3-hydroxy-13,17-seco-5-androsten-17-oic-13,17-lactam (4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)butyrate
        3-hydroxy-13,17-secoandrostan-17-oic-13,17-lactam (4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)butyrate
        aminochlorambucil
        APC protocol
        CHIVPP protocol
        chlorambucil half mustard
        chlorambucyl-proline
        CHLOROPP protocol
        ChlVPP protocol
        ChlVPP-EVA regimen
        CMPP protocol
        COA protocol
        LBCMVD-56 protocol
        LMF protocol
        LMFP protocol
        LOPP protocol 1
        MCP protocol
        MVLP protocol
        OPEC protocol 2
        PEEC protocol
        PEEC-M protocol
        VCCP protocol

Experts

1.	Robak, Tadeusz: 10 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Bielawski, Krzysztof: 6 articles (11/2011 - 08/2003)
3.	Bielawska, Anna: 6 articles (11/2011 - 08/2003)
4.	Stilgenbauer, Stephan: 5 articles (12/2015 - 10/2009)
5.	Goede, Valentin: 5 articles (06/2015 - 10/2009)
6.	Hallek, Michael: 5 articles (06/2015 - 10/2009)
7.	Leblanc, Valérie: 5 articles (06/2013 - 03/2010)
8.	Bérubé, Gervais: 5 articles (06/2013 - 03/2010)
9.	Catovsky, Daniel: 5 articles (01/2013 - 02/2008)
10.	Gottesfeld, Joel M: 5 articles (06/2012 - 11/2004)

Related Diseases

1.	Nephrotic Syndrome (Syndrome, Nephrotic) 02/01/1978 - "The data indicate that a stable dosage regimen for chlorambucil is as effective as an increasing dose regimen in achieving long-term remission of frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome." 01/01/1978 - "Controlled trial of chlorambucil in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome in children (a preliminary report)." 04/01/2006 - "Chlorambucil therapy in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome." 10/01/1992 - "Two men were treated for a nephrotic syndrome with high-dose chlorambucil therapy; 6.5 and 14 years later, respectively, both were azoospermic with high plasmatic FSH values. " 01/01/1991 - "We report the SCE of peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (NS) treated with chlorambucil. "
2.	B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) 01/01/1980 - "Forty patients with lymphocytic lymphoma were treated with escalating doses of chlorambucil biweekly starting at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg. Fifty percent of patients achieved a complete remission, usually after 6-12 months of therapy. " 02/01/2009 - "The overall remission rate was 59% in a prospective, randomized study of untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which was significantly greater than the rate of 26% in the chlorambucil control arm (P < 0.001). " 12/17/2015 - "Ibrutinib was superior to chlorambucil in previously untreated patients with CLL or small lymphocytic lymphoma, as assessed by progression-free survival, overall survival, response rate, and improvement in hematologic variables. " 09/01/2015 - "Its superiority in association with chlorambucil as compared with chlorambucil alone has led to its approval as a first-line treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, for patients who are not candidates for a more intensive treatment. " 06/01/2014 - "Obinutuzumab is a novel therapeutic anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in combination with chlorambucil as first-line treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). "
3.	Membranous Glomerulonephritis (Membranous Nephropathy) 11/01/1999 - "We conclude that steroid therapy alone, or associated with chlorambucil, is effective in patients with stage II to III membranous nephropathy. " 01/01/1983 - "Controlled trial of monthly alternated courses of steroid and chlorambucil for idiopathic membranous nephropathy." 01/01/2009 - "Efficacy and safety of low-dose chlorambucil in nephrotic patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy." 01/01/2001 - "Severe bone marrow failure associated with the use of alternating steroid with chlorambucil in lupus membranous nephropathy in Chinese." 06/01/1996 - "Complete remission of nephrotic syndrome after steroid-chlorambucil in a previous failed short-term steroidal treatment of a primary membranous nephropathy."
4.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 11/11/2000 - "Clinical efficacy of alkylating anticancer drugs, such as chlorambucil, is often limited by the emergence of drug resistant tumor cells. " 11/20/2013 - "In vitro biological studies reveal acridin-9-methanol nanoparticles of ~60 nm size to be very efficient in delivering the anticancer drug chlorambucil into the target nucleus, killing the cancer cells upon irradiation. " 06/01/2012 - "The purpose of this study was to assess the toxicoses and antitumor activity of metronomic chlorambucil at a dosage of 4 mg m(-2) daily in dogs with naturally occurring cancer. " 08/09/2004 - "An anti-cancer drug (chlorambucil, CLB), which can form an inclusion complex with beta-CD, was selected for loading and in vitro release studies. " 12/01/2000 - "A morphological study of the effect of chlorambucil during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle of synchronized HEp-2 cancer cell populations using computerized morphometry."
5.	Lymphoma (Lymphomas) 01/01/2013 - "This is the first documented report of the efficacy of oral chlorambucil in the treatment of primary uveal lymphoma." 02/01/2004 - "In the treatment of lymphoma, single agent chlorambucil does not confer a durable remission. " 11/15/1984 - "The clonal B-cell expansion was brought into a lasting remission by chlorambucil, but the cutaneous lymphoma proved to be refractory to therapy. " 04/01/2002 - "The International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group, the United Kingdom Lymphoma Group, and the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte have conducted a trial to ascertain whether the addition of chlorambucil is of benefit after anti-H pylori therapy. " 11/12/1955 - "Clinical trials of p-(di-2-chloroethylamino)-phenylbutyric acid (CB 1348) in malignant lymphoma."

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3.	Prednisolone (Predate)
4.	Methylprednisolone
5.	fludarabine
6.	rituximab (Mabthera)
7.	Vincristine (Oncovin)
8.	Procarbazine (Matulane)
9.	Vinblastine (Vinblastine Sulfate)
10.	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
2.	Combination Drug Therapy (Combination Chemotherapy)
3.	Radiotherapy
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
5.	Plasmapheresis