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Transient Ischemic Attack

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Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)

Also Known As:

Ischemic Attack, Transient; Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack; Brain Stem Transient Ischemic Attack; Brain TIA; Brainstem Ischemia, Transient; Brainstem Transient Ischemic Attack; Carotid Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack; Posterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack; TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack); Transient Ischemic Attack, Anterior Circulation; Transient Ischemic Attack, Brain Stem; Transient Ischemic Attack, Brainstem; Transient Ischemic Attack, Carotid Circulation; Transient Ischemic Attack, Posterior Circulation; Transient Ischemic Attack, Vertebrobasilar Circulation; Transient Ischemic Attacks, Crescendo; Vertebrobasilar Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack; Attack, Transient Ischemic; Attacks, Transient Ischemic; Brainstem Ischemias, Transient; Cerebral Ischemias, Transient; Ischemia, Transient Brainstem; Ischemia, Transient Cerebral; Ischemias, Transient Brainstem; Ischemias, Transient Cerebral; Ischemic Attacks, Transient; TIA, Brain; TIAs (Transient Ischemic Attack); Transient Brainstem Ischemia; Transient Cerebral Ischemia; Transient Cerebral Ischemias; Transient Ischemic Attacks; Brain Stem Ischemia, Transient; Cerebral Ischemia, Transient; Crescendo Transient Ischemic Attacks

Networked: 2164 relevant articles (92 outcomes, 376 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Stroke (Strokes)
2.	Pathologic Constriction (Stenosis)
3.	Myocardial Infarction
4.	Carotid Stenosis (Carotid Artery Stenosis)
5.	Hemorrhage

Experts

1.	Won, Moo-Ho: 46 articles (12/2015 - 07/2008)
2.	Park, Joon Ha: 32 articles (12/2015 - 04/2011)
3.	Lee, Choong Hyun: 30 articles (01/2015 - 09/2008)
4.	Yoo, Ki-Yeon: 30 articles (12/2014 - 06/2006)
5.	Kim, Young-Myeong: 27 articles (12/2015 - 11/2009)
6.	Choi, Jung Hoon: 27 articles (12/2014 - 09/2008)
7.	Hwang, In Koo: 26 articles (01/2015 - 06/2006)
8.	Ahn, Ji Hyeon: 22 articles (12/2015 - 05/2012)
9.	Lee, Jae-Chul: 22 articles (12/2015 - 10/2012)
10.	Kim, In Hye: 22 articles (12/2015 - 11/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Transient Ischemic Attack:

1.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1995 - "In a randomized double-blind trial, the Study Group compared the efficacy of E5510, a novel antiplatelet agent, and aspirin in preventing the recurrence of transient ischemic attacks (TIA). " 10/15/1989 - "There is a large body of data related to the untreated course of cerebrovascular disease, the efficacy of aspirin in patients with transient ischemic attacks, and the comparative responsiveness to surgery of symptomatic patients with different presentations. " 11/01/1995 - "A randomized trial of E5510 versus aspirin in patients with transient ischemic attacks. " 11/01/1992 - "[Clinical and experimental study of Ligusticum wallichii and aspirin in the treatment of transient ischemic attack]." 12/01/1986 - "According to previous randomized trials, transient ischemic attacks should be managed with aspirin, 1.0 to 1.5 g daily, pending the results of studies of smaller aspirin doses and other platelet-active drugs. "
2.	clopidogrel (Plavix)FDA Link 10/01/2015 - "The objective of this study was to compare nonresponders (NR) and responders (R) to clopidogrel with respect to presence of microvascular and macrovascular pathology in a cohort of patients with recent minor ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). " 07/01/2015 - "Baseline sCD40L levels were measured in 3044 consecutive patients with acute minor stroke and transient ischemic attack, who had previously been enrolled in the Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients With Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial. " 10/01/2013 - "The Fast Assessment of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack to Prevent Early Recurrence trial raised concern that loading doses of clopidogrel may increase hemorrhagic complications. " 09/01/2010 - "We measure the effect of Management of Atherothrombosis With Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients (MATCH) trial on discharge prescribing patterns for patients with stroke and those with transient ischemic attack in the Get With The Guidelines (GWTG)-Stroke Program. " 08/01/2010 - "We aimed to determine whether clopidogrel reduces the rate and functional severity of stroke among high vascular risk patients, including patients with previous transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke, who were enrolled in the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial. "
3.	Perindopril FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2006 - "The Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study was a placebo-controlled trial of a perindopril erbumine-based, blood pressure-lowering regimen that reduced ischemic stroke risk by 24% among individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. " 05/22/2003 - "The Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS) has now provided definitive evidence that lowering the blood pressure of patients with preexisting cerebrovascular disease (prior stroke or transient ischemic attack [TIA]) also reduces the incidence of secondary stroke. " 05/12/2003 - "The Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted among 6105 people with prior stroke or transient ischemic attack. " 08/01/2008 - "We performed a nested case-control study of 591 strokes (472 ischemic, 83 hemorrhagic, 36 unknown subtype) occurring during a randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of perindopril-based therapy in 6105 patients with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. " 10/01/2005 - "Nested case-control study of ischemic (n=472) and hemorrhagic (n=83) strokes occurring during a randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of perindopril-based therapy in 6105 patients with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. "
4.	Warfarin (Coumadin)FDA LinkGeneric 07/09/2013 - "A subgroup of 21 patients (mean age, 75 years; mean CHA2DS2 VASc score, 4.5) urgently needed an alternative treatment to anticoagulation: warfarin was contraindicated due to hemorrhagic side effects in 13, the international normalized ratio was uncontrollable in 7, and transient ischemic attacks had developed immediately after the warfarin dose was reduced for oncological treatment in 1. The LAA was thoracoscopically excised with an endoscopic cutter. " 12/01/2010 - "Perioperative transient ischemic attack caused by the cessation of warfarin." 06/01/2010 - "Holding warfarin without bridging is associated with a higher incidence of transient ischemic attacks (P = .01). " 08/01/2006 - "She also had a remote history of transient ischemic attack and had received warfarin therapy. " 01/01/2004 - "A 67-year-old white woman had been taking warfarin for 1(1/2) years due to recurrent transient ischemic attacks. "
5.	Heparin (Liquaemin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1985 - "We evaluated the efficacy of short-term intravenous heparin therapy in 74 patients with recent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). " 12/01/2012 - "After a few days, although the patient was under treatment with unfractioned heparin, he sustained a transient ischemic attack. " 10/01/1985 - "Usefulness of heparin in initial management of patients with recent transient ischemic attacks." 06/01/1987 - "Correlation of angiographic findings with outcome revealed that of the 27 patients with severe stenosis, usually with delay in blood flow, 25 (93%) were the same or improved postoperatively; of the 11 patients with stenosis and an intraluminal filling defect (six of whom had an intraluminal clot), eight (73%) were the same or improved after surgery; of the 16 patients with complete occlusion, 14 (88%) were the same or improved (backflow was established in all cases); and of the 10 patients with moderate to severe stenosis and/or severe ulceration (including three with transient ischemic attacks who were receiving heparin), eight (80%) were the same or improved. " 04/01/2010 - "We compared the efficacy of three unfractionated heparin bolus regimens (0 U/kg, 30 U/kg, or 80 U/kg) in achieving a therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time over the first 6-hour period in a cohort of 54 patients admitted with transient ischemic attack or stroke. "
6.	Dipyridamole (Persantine)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2014 - "Dipyridamole is a platelet inhibitor indicated for the secondary prevention of transient ischemic attack. " 01/01/2014 - "In this randomized, open-label, 4-week trial, 114 patients who had an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack were randomized to receive either a standard or slow dose escalation scheme of dipyridamole. " 09/01/2001 - "To identify clinical trials of the use of combinations of ASA and dipyridamole in the prevention of recurrent stroke in patients who have suffered a first stroke or transient ischemic attack, the English-language literature was searched from 1966 through May 2001 using the MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, EMBASE, and BIOSIS databases. " 10/25/2005 - "What is the role of dipyridamole in long-term secondary prevention after an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack?" 11/01/1996 - "Patients with prior stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) were randomized to treatment with ASA alone (50 mg daily), modified-release dipyridamole alone (400 mg daily), the two agents in a combined formulation, or placebo. "
7.	3- ((6- amino- (4- chlorobenzenesulfonyl)- 2- methyl- 5,6,7,8- tetrahydronapht)- 1- yl)propionic acidIBA 04/01/2010 - "Rationale, design and population baseline characteristics of the PERFORM vascular project: an ancillary study of the Prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular Events of ischemic origin with teRutroban in patients with a history oF ischemic strOke or tRansient ischeMic attack (PERFORM) trial." 01/01/2009 - "The Prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular Events of ischemic origin with teRutroban in patients with a history oF ischemic strOke or tRansient ischeMic attack (PERFORM) study: baseline characteristics of the population." 01/01/2009 - "Rationale and design of the Prevention of Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Events of Ischemic Origin with Terutroban in Patients with a History of Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (PERFORM) Study." 10/09/2013 - "Heart rate is a prognostic risk factor for myocardial infarction: a post hoc analysis in the PERFORM (Prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular Events of ischemic origin with teRutroban in patients with a history oF ischemic strOke or tRansient ischeMic attack) study population." 01/01/2009 - "The Prevention of Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Events of Ischemic Origin with Terutroban in Patients with a History of Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (PERFORM) Study is an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in patients aged > or =55 years who have suffered ischemic strokes (<3 months) or transient ischemic attacks (<8 days), and who are stable at inclusion with no intracranial hemorrhage or nonischemic neurological diseases. "
8.	LDL CholesterolIBA 01/01/2015 - "Enhanced secondary preventive follow-up after stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) is necessary for improved adherence to recommendations regarding blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. " 11/01/2014 - "A low-cost peer education self-management workshop modestly improved blood pressure, but not low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or antithrombotic use, among stroke and transient ischemic attack survivors from vulnerable, predominantly minority urban communities. " 01/01/2015 - "Nurse-Led, Telephone-Based, Secondary Preventive Follow-Up after Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Improves Blood Pressure and LDL Cholesterol: Results from the First 12 Months of the Randomized, Controlled NAILED Stroke Risk Factor Trial." 09/15/2012 - "Statins have also been shown to reduce the risk of stroke following transient ischemic attack, with maximal benefit occurring with at least a 50 percent reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level or a target of less than 70 mg per dL (1.81 mmol per L). " 12/01/2007 - "Effects of intense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial."
9.	CreatinineIBA 01/15/2013 - "The inclusion of creatinine clearance <60 mL/min and prior stroke or transient ischemic attack in a model with no other covariates led to a C statistic of 0.590.Validation of R(2)CHADS(2) in an external, separate population improved net reclassification index by 17.4% (95% confidence interval, 12.1%-22.5%) relative to CHADS(2). " 11/01/1987 - "Trends toward higher incidence were noted with the use of increased volume of contrast, with increased serum creatinine, when transient ischemic attacks or stroke were the indications, and when 3 or more catheters were used. " 01/15/2013 - "Reduced creatinine clearance was a strong, independent predictor of stroke and systemic embolism, second only to prior stroke or transient ischemic attack. " 12/01/2010 - "Severity of stenosis, age, systolic blood pressure, increased serum creatinine, smoking history of more than 10 pack-years, history of contralateral transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or stroke, low grayscale median (GSM), increased plaque area, plaque types 1, 2, and 3, and the presence of discrete white areas (DWAs) without acoustic shadowing were associated with increased risk. " 03/11/2014 - "Compared with those without (n = 13,455), patients with a major bleed (n = 781) were more likely to be older, current/prior smokers, have prior gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, mild anemia, and a lower calculated creatinine clearance and less likely to be female or have a prior stroke/transient ischemic attack. "
10.	pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76)IBA 01/01/2015 - "N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) Levels are Increased in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack Accompanied by Nonfocal Symptoms." 01/01/2005 - "To evaluate amino terminal-pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) and CRP, separately and together, for assessment of risk of CHF, we performed a nested case-control study of the 6105 participants of the Perindopril pROtection aGainst REcurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS), a placebo-controlled study of a perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering regimen among individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). " 01/01/2015 - "We assessed whether serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, a biomarker of cardiac disease, are increased in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) accompanied by nonfocal symptoms and in patients with attacks of nonfocal symptoms (transient neurological attack [TNA]). " 07/05/2005 - "NT-proBNP and renin, but not CRP, are independent predictors of MI risk after stroke or transient ischemic attack, providing information additional to that provided by classic risk factors, and may enable more effective targeting of MI prevention strategies." 08/01/2014 - "In 983 participants with stable coronary heart disease, we evaluated the association of BNP and NT-proBNP with time to hospitalization for heart failure, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack, cardiovascular death, and combined major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Carotid Endarterectomy 04/30/2002 - "Within this group, carotid endarterectomy is most beneficial for the following patients: otherwise healthy elderly patients, those with hemispheric transient ischemic attack, those with tandem extracranial and intracranial lesions and those without evidence of collateral vessels. " 03/01/2011 - "Carotid endarterectomy in the acute phase of crescendo cerebral transient ischemic attacks is safe and effective." 08/01/2010 - "An 83-year-old man with a post-carotid endarterectomy left CCA dissection was admitted for a transient ischemic attack involving the left cerebral hemisphere that occurred despite proper anticoagulation. " 04/01/2007 - "Carotid endarterectomy should be performed within hours after a transient ischemic attack (TIA)." 01/01/2004 - "A follow-up analysis of transient ischemic attack patients suggests unsatisfactory disease management and possible underutilization of carotid endarterectomy in Lazio, Italy."
2.	Endarterectomy (Thromboendarterectomy) 01/01/1986 - "This study analyzed 76 consecutive patients with carotid transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and carotid lesions appropriate to symptoms who underwent endarterectomy during the period 1975-1981. " 10/01/2013 - "One transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurred immediately, and one occurred on the first postoperative day due to occlusion of the endarterectomy site. " 05/01/2008 - "Eight patients with transient ischemic attacks who underwent carotid CTA and "en bloc" endarterectomy were enrolled in a prospective study. " 01/01/2004 - "150 patients who underwent ICA endarterectomy for transient ischemic attack (TIA) between January 1997 and December 2000 were studied prospectively. " 12/01/1986 - "Patients not undergoing endarterectomy, however, should be given careful postoperative follow-up, because transient ischemic attacks may occur that require surgical intervention."
3.	Catheters 06/01/2013 - "Several factors, such as transient ischemic attack/stroke, volume of contrast agent, and left heart catheter-associated complications could not be identified as possible causes for the increase in mortality. " 11/01/2013 - "Primary end point was ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in the territory of the stented artery after the catheter angiography follow-up. " 12/01/1981 - "A patient with transient ischemic attacks and fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery was treated by Grüntzig balloon-catheter dilatation of the involved area of the internal carotid artery. " 09/01/2005 - "This study investigated whether the TRA approach using 6 Fr Kimny guiding catheter for both extracranial and intracranial angiographies is safe and effective for patients with a history of stroke, transient ischemic attack, or significant carotid stenosis. " 12/01/2003 - "We conclude that catheter closure of PFO associated with stroke/transient ischemic attack or peripheral embolism using the new Amplatzer PFO device is a safe and effective method in preventing recurrence of such episodes. "
4.	Cerebral Revascularization 08/01/2009 - "The goal of the present study was to assess neurological function in 11 severe atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery (MCA) disease patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and hemodynamic compromise and determine the efficacy of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass. " 04/01/1985 - "A neuropsychological study of 12 patients with transient ischemic attacks from the carotid artery territory was carried out about 2 months following their latest attack, about a week before STA/MCA bypass operation, and again 3 months postoperatively. " 01/01/2011 - "Patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) did not experience recurrence of such episodes after STA-MCA bypass. " 08/01/1977 - "Cerebral revascularization for transient ischemic attacks." 07/01/1992 - "Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass after cerebral foreign body embolization: effective treatment of transient ischemic attacks."
5.	Electroacupuncture 09/01/2014 - "To explore the effects and action mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment on rats with transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. " 11/11/2010 - "Our previous study demonstrated that pretreatment with electroacupuncture (EA) elicited protective effects against transient cerebral ischemia through cannabinoid receptor type 1 receptor (CB1R). " 08/25/2002 - "Transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rat model was adopted, and the method of HE staining, TUNEL staining (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling) were used to observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on neuronal death. "