Brain Ischemia (Cerebral Ischemia)

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

Also Known As:

Networked: 11724 relevant articles (861 outcomes, 2081 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Reperfusion Injury
2.	Stroke (Strokes)
3.	Brain Injuries (Brain Injury)
4.	Ischemia
5.	Infarction

Experts

1.	Chan, Pak H: 56 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Zhang, Guang-Yi: 56 articles (05/2012 - 11/2002)
3.	Xiong, Lize: 38 articles (12/2015 - 01/2003)
4.	Zhang, John H: 38 articles (08/2015 - 02/2002)
5.	Zhang, Li: 34 articles (11/2015 - 04/2002)
6.	Liu, Yong: 31 articles (09/2014 - 11/2002)
7.	Hermann, Dirk M: 30 articles (12/2015 - 03/2004)
8.	Chen, Jun: 30 articles (09/2015 - 01/2002)
9.	Takagi, Norio: 30 articles (05/2013 - 01/2002)
10.	Mishima, Kenichi: 30 articles (10/2012 - 01/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Brain Ischemia:

1.	N-Methylaspartate (NMDA)IBA 01/01/1990 - "In summary, 8319 is a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist with good anticonvulsant activity and may possess neuroprotective properties useful in the treatment of brain ischemia." 11/01/1990 - "These data suggest that blockade of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor is effective in reducing the infarct size after focal cerebral ischemia. " 07/01/1993 - "Characterization of the cerebroprotective efficacy of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CGP40116 in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia: an in vivo magnetic resonance imaging study." 03/01/2011 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate neuroprotective efficiency of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) blockade on the neuronal damage in the less studied and allegedly less affected CA3 hippocampus and striatum in the Mongolian gerbil model of global cerebral ischemia. " 03/01/2009 - "As a whole, the study demonstrates that preconditioning attenuation of pro-death JNK3 in the hippocampus CA1 following global cerebral ischemia is mediated by NMDA receptor-induced crosstalk between ERK1/2 and JNK3. "
2.	OxygenIBA 08/14/2009 - "In summary, this article uncovers a protective role for astrocyte S6K1 against brain ischemia, indicating a functional pathway that senses nutrient and oxygen levels and may be beneficial for neuronal survival." 03/28/2008 - "Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO(2)) therapy is reported to be beneficial in transient brain ischemia. " 03/10/2005 - "Hyperbaric oxygen induces rapid protection against focal cerebral ischemia." 08/01/2014 - "We therefore investigated the therapeutic time window of LEH by using a rat model of cerebral ischemia, as well as evaluating the contribution of oxygen delivery to the efficacy of LEH. " 01/01/2010 - "These findings suggest that LEH, an artificial oxygen carrier, could be a novel therapeutic agent for brain dysfunction after acute cerebral ischemia."
3.	CalciumIBA 04/01/1991 - "We conclude that the continuous administration of calcium antagonists for three days after the global brain ischemia would be beneficial for the neurologic recovery." 01/01/1988 - "[Cerebral protective effects by continuous administration of a calcium antagonist after canine global brain ischemia--change in cerebral blood flow and metabolism]." 01/01/1994 - "Neuronal protective effects of calcium antagonists in cerebral ischemia." 10/01/2013 - "In conclusion, our preliminary study in marmosets did not identify Aβ and calcium pathology in the thalamus following cerebral ischemia as shown in rodents." 05/01/2013 - "The study suggests that cerebral ischemia up-regulates expression level of miR-21, which is involved in ERK-stimulated upregulation of MMP9 following cerebral ischemia via a calcium-dependent mechanism."
4.	Nimodipine (Modus)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1992 - "Our results indicate that nimodipine is effective in reducing focal cerebral ischemia, provided the MABP is maintained higher than 85 mmHg." 09/01/1988 - "These data suggest that the improved neurological outcome associated with nimodipine treatment following global cerebral ischemia does not relate to reduced levels of the prostaglandin precursor arachidonate." 08/01/2005 - "HSYA dose-dependently improved the neurological deficit scores and reduced the cerebral infarct area, and HSYA bore a similarity in potency of the therapeutic effects on focal cerebral ischemia to nimodipine. " 02/25/2000 - "Thus, nimodipine may be pharmacologically effective in preventing brain dysfunction due to cerebral ischemia in vivo." 01/01/1993 - "In the therapy of acute cerebral ischemia the therapeutic efficacy of nimodipine administered orally is not therapeutically proved until now; the intravenous administration of nimodipine offers the risk of acute hypotensive reactions. "
5.	Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)FDA Link 10/15/2015 - "We investigated the protective effects of CGA on glutamate-induced neuronal cell death using primary cultures of mouse cerebral cortex because the release of glutamate during brain ischemia triggers death of neurons. " 09/01/2007 - "The protective effects of A(2A) antagonists in brain ischemia may be largely due to reduced glutamate outflow from neurones and glial cells. " 04/01/2011 - "This study indicates that the improvement in neurological and histologic outcomes by selective β1-adrenoreceptor antagonists after transient focal cerebral ischemia is partly attributed to attenuation of glutamate release." 01/01/2015 - "Therefore, this study was undertaken to observe the effect of Cef on neurons in global brain ischemia in rats, and especially to provide direct evidence of the up-regulation of GLT-1 uptake for glutamate contributing to the neuronal protection of Cef against brain ischemia. " 01/15/2012 - "The present study established a rat model of global cerebral ischemia induced by chest compression for six minutes to dynamically observe expressional changes of three glutamate transporters in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. "
6.	IsofluraneFDA LinkGeneric 08/07/2002 - "Three hours of exposure to 1% isoflurane induced rapid and longlasting protection against 60 min transient focal cerebral ischemia induced by filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). " 06/01/2013 - "Our results suggest that isoflurane postconditioning improved long-term neurological outcome after transient focal brain ischemia. " 05/01/2010 - "Our data demonstrate that isoflurane pretreatment improved rCBF and increased the regional O(2) supply and consumption in the focal ischemic area but did not affect capillary permeability during the early stage of focal cerebral ischemia. " 12/01/2009 - "Isoflurane preconditioning improved short-term neurological outcome after focal brain ischemia in adult rats. " 06/01/2008 - "Application of isoflurane during reperfusion also improved neurologic outcome after brain ischemia. "
7.	Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)IBA 11/01/2012 - "BDNF antibody block leads to a significant reduction of MEK expression in endothelia cells of lung tissue in the rats with brain ischemia." 01/01/2015 - "In a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia, we observed higher expression of mature BDNF and phosphorylation of CREB in the hippocampus and further confirmed improved spatial memory by treatment with PMC-12. " 01/01/2013 - "Pretreatment with EA increased the production of BDNF and SDF-1α, which elicited protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia. " 11/15/2010 - "Previously we have shown that intravenously transplanted human neural stem cells (NSCs) selectively migrate to the brain and promote functional recovery in rat ICH model, and others have shown that intracerebral infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) results in improved structural and functional outcome from cerebral ischemia. " 01/01/2014 - "Even though previous brain ischemia and WM lesion studies have been conducted and indicated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) might protect against neuronal cell death, the interaction between regional WMH volume and the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on the cognitive performance of healthy elderly population remains unclear. "
8.	Mannitol (Osmitrol)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1995 - "Mannitol is effective for acute cerebral ischemia, and SEP and MRI are useful for monitoring it." 07/01/1983 - "These experimental results indicated that a combined administration of PFC and mannitol is effective in protecting the brain from cerebral ischemia." 07/01/1981 - "These experimental results indicate that the combined administration of mannitol and FC is effective in protecting the brain from cerebral ischemia." 07/01/1981 - "These experimental results indicated that a combined administration of FC and mannitol is effective in protecting the brain from cerebral ischemia." 03/01/1981 - "These experimental results indicate that the combined administration of mannitol and FC is effective in protecting the brain from cerebral ischemia."
9.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1983 - "The results indicate that glucose metabolism might be reversible in the moderate degree of focal cerebral ischemia, and early restoration of blood flow may be beneficial for glucose metabolism." 09/01/1991 - "In cerebral cortex, the vasodilation is unassociated with alterations in cerebral glucose utilization, a condition favoring protection against cerebral ischemia. " 10/01/1999 - "Double-tracer autoradiographic study of protein synthesis and glucose consumption in rats with focal cerebral ischemia." 01/01/1984 - "Positron emission tomography study of regional glucose metabolism in cerebral ischemia--topographic and kinetic aspects." 01/01/1983 - "Studies of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral glucose metabolism in acute cerebral ischemia: possible mechanism of opiate antagonist therapeutic activity."
10.	Tissue Plasminogen Activator (Alteplase)FDA Link 10/01/2007 - "Early reperfusion using tissue-type plasminogen activator is the only therapeutic agent to treat focal cerebral ischemia with proven efficacy in patients. " 11/26/2008 - "Here, we determined safety and efficacy of late APC and tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) administrations in a mouse model of transient brain ischemia. " 09/01/2013 - "There are few study data to help in the decision whether to perform aggressive surgical revascularization, such as emergency bypass, after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) administration in patients with progressive symptoms due to acute cerebral ischemia. " 07/01/2009 - "The ECASS 3 trial demonstrated a statistically significant benefit of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute cerebral ischemia in the 3- to 4.5-hour window, but an effect size estimate incorporating benefit and harm across all levels of poststroke disability has not previously been derived. " 09/01/2005 - "In vivo studies showed that tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) may aggravate neuronal injury after focal cerebral ischemia. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 03/01/2012 - "In this study, we demonstrate that the intracerebral transplantation of human DPSCs 24 hours following focal cerebral ischemia in a rodent model resulted in significant improvement in forelimb sensorimotor function at 4 weeks post-treatment. " 11/01/2014 - "Both neurological deficits and coordination capacity of rats with cerebral ischemia were significantly improved via transplantation of the neural stem cells. " 01/01/2014 - "Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has been shown to be beneficial in treating cerebral ischemia. " 06/01/2013 - "MSCs transplantation significantly reduced serum S-100B level, and improved neurological function after global cerebral ischemia compared to the PBS-treated group. " 03/29/2006 - "In this study, rats receiving intracerebral peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell (CD34+) (PBSC) transplantation showed much more improvement in neurological function after chronic cerebral ischemia in comparison with vehicle-treated control rats. "
2.	Electroacupuncture 02/01/2015 - "The middle- and high-dose point application of Angong Niuhuang stickers attenuated neuronal damage in the cortex and hippocampal CA1 region, and improved the memory of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia with an efficacy similar to interventions by electroacupuncture at Dazhui (DU14), Qihai (RN6) and Mingmen (DU4). " 01/01/2014 - "These enhanced expressions were significantly attenuated by electroacupuncture intervention, followed by reduced vasoconstriction and improved blood supply in ischemic region, and ultimately conferred beneficial effects on cerebral ischemia." 05/01/2013 - "Electroacupuncture ameliorates cognitive impairment through inhibition of NF-κB-mediated neuronal cell apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats." 03/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which electroacupuncture (EA) enhances hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injured rats. " 04/01/2013 - "This study aims to investigate the mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) in promoting behavioral recovery after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. "
3.	Ligation 10/01/1983 - "These combined operations, STA-MCA anastomosis and ICA ligation were beneficial in preventing the potential postoperative cerebral ischemia. " 01/01/2014 - "This study established a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia-caused white matter damage by ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries. " 01/01/2011 - "Study of cellular changes induced by moderate cerebral ischemia achieved through internal carotid artery ligation." 02/01/2009 - "In vivo microscopy was used to study the interaction between leukocytes and the pial venular and arteriolar endothelium in rats during cerebral ischemia evoked by bilateral ligation occlusion of the carotid arteries. " 06/01/1991 - "The study was performed in a population of 20 New Zealand male rabbits in which an acute cerebral ischemia was achieved by means of extracranial ligation of both common carotid artery and of one vertebral artery. "
4.	Carotid Endarterectomy 01/01/1997 - "intraoperative transcranial doppler monitoring 1) allows to identify any kind of blood flow disturbance in MCA during each stage of CEA which appears before neurological impairment, 2) gives the possibility of shunt functioning evaluation, 3) enables to avoid intraoperatively unpredictable situations that may result in imminent cerebral ischemia, 4) 70% decrease of blood flow velocity in MCA is the indication for shunt insertion, 5) proved to be very helpful in (in 10% of our material) improving the results of all carotid endarterectomies." 09/01/1993 - "The purpose of this study was to determine whether preoperative angiographic patterns of collateral cerebral blood flow correlate with protection against intraoperative electroencephalographic (EEG) evidence of cerebral ischemia caused by carotid artery cross-clamping during carotid endarterectomy. " 01/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between preoperative chronic cerebral ischemia and postoperative new cerebral ischemia in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). " 09/01/2014 - "The current study found an association between regular preoperative use of beta blockers and intraoperative cerebral ischemia in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. " 09/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to identify potentially modifiable risk factors for intraoperative cerebral ischemia and shunting during carotid endarterectomy. "
5.	Resuscitation 10/01/1989 - "The future is bright for resuscitation research: Our fundamental understanding of cerebral ischemia and its consequences has dramatically improved, and this knowledge can hopefully be transferred to clinical useful modes of therapy. " 01/01/1989 - "The future is bright for resuscitation research since our fundamental understanding of cerebral ischemia and its consequences has dramatically improved. " 11/01/1996 - "This study therefore determined whether a post-resuscitation treatment with either T3 (n = 8) or rT3 (n = 8) provided protection against global cerebral ischemia comparable to that of L-T4. " 12/01/2010 - "Studies have addressed issues associated with interstitial extravasation, cerebral ischemia and blood flow, resuscitation, and coagulation interactions. " 12/01/1987 - "This study was conducted to investigate the degree of insult from arrest of cerebral blood flow leading to total brain ischemia, as a model for brain resuscitation studies in rabbits. "