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Cerebral Infarction

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The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

Also Known As:

Cerebral Infarction, Left Hemisphere; Cerebral Infarction, Right Hemisphere; Cerebral, Left Hemisphere, Infarction; Cerebral, Right Hemisphere, Infarction; Infarction, Cerebral, Left Hemisphere; Infarction, Cerebral, Right Hemisphere; Infarction, Left Hemisphere, Cerebral; Infarction, Right Hemisphere, Cerebral; Left Hemisphere, Cerebral Infarction; Left Hemisphere, Infarction, Cerebral; Right Hemisphere, Cerebral Infarction; Right Hemisphere, Infarction, Cerebral; Cerebral Infarctions; Infarction, Subcortical; Infarctions, Cerebral; Infarctions, Subcortical; Subcortical Infarctions; Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction; Infarction, Cerebral; Posterior Choroidal Artery Infarction; Subcortical Infarction

Networked: 3264 relevant articles (211 outcomes, 408 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Stroke (Strokes)
2.	Ischemia
3.	Brain Edema (Cerebral Edema)
4.	Brain Ischemia (Cerebral Ischemia)
5.	Infarction

Experts

1.	Yokoyama, Osamu: 14 articles (12/2011 - 01/2002)
2.	Kim, Hyung-Min: 14 articles (01/2009 - 01/2003)
3.	Tanahashi, Norio: 13 articles (11/2015 - 07/2002)
4.	Katayama, Yasuo: 11 articles (01/2014 - 11/2002)
5.	Shinohara, Yukito: 11 articles (07/2013 - 04/2003)
6.	Uchiyama, Shinichiro: 11 articles (01/2012 - 04/2006)
7.	Um, Jae-Young: 11 articles (01/2009 - 01/2003)
8.	Moon, Byung-Soon: 10 articles (09/2008 - 01/2003)
9.	Virtamo, Jarmo: 9 articles (09/2012 - 06/2003)
10.	Akino, Hironobu: 9 articles (12/2011 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cerebral Infarction:

1.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1983 - "It is concluded that, in patients comparable to those defined in the protocol, Aspirin (1 g) has a significantly beneficial effect in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic cerebral infarction." 07/01/1986 - "Aspirin also decreased the incidence of cerebral infarction at a dose of 30 mg/kg (i.v.). " 10/01/2014 - "Although there are well-designed studies on the prevention of cerebral infarction in patients with brain WMC/SI, a specific prevention method, such as aspirin, should be used for patients with low BMD who have WMC/SI. " 03/01/2013 - "To tentatively establish a diagnosis and treatment mode for effectively controlling the progress of cerebral microlesions (CM) and preventing the incidence of cerebral infarction (CI) by comparing different intervention modes for treating CM. Using a prospective, nonrandomized, controlled trial, 408 subjects with multiple CM were assigned to the Chinese medical pharmacy intervention group (Group A, 100 case), the aspirin intervention group (Group B, 104 cases), the negative control group (Group C, 100 cases), and the non-intervention group (Group D, 104 cases). " 08/01/1996 - "Our study demonstrates high prevalence of aCL in children who suffer acute cerebral infarction and our results suggest aspirin may be effective therapy to prevent recurrences."
2.	phenylmethylpyrazoloneIBA 02/01/2006 - "Edaravone, clinically available free radical scavenger in Japan, is confirmed to be beneficial in the acute stage of cerebral infarction. " 01/01/2013 - "These findings suggest that edaravone treatment would be effective in clinical patients recovering from cerebral infarction." 10/01/2006 - "Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a novel free radical scavenger, is clinically effective in improving the prognosis after cerebral infarction. " 10/01/2007 - "The mechanism by which MCI-186 (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-prazolin-5-one) exerts protective effects during cerebral infarction, other than its function as a radical scavenger, has not been fully elucidated. " 01/01/2009 - "Although there was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study at multiple centers in Japan showing the efficacy of the free radical scavenger, edaravone, in acute cerebral infarction, to date the clinical studies are few. "
3.	cilostazol (Pletal)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2000 - "More recently, cilostazol was shown to be effective in a clinical prevention study on recurrence of cerebral infarction, and has been applied to the approval of the indication in Japan." 10/01/2012 - "Cilostazol has been shown to be effective for prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction. " 01/01/2011 - "Several reports have indicated that cilostazol is effective in the prevention of recurrence after cerebral infarction. " 03/01/2001 - "Cilostazol, an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, was thus concluded to be effective in improving cerebral blood flow, cerebral function, and serum lipid levels in patients in the chronic stage of cerebral infarction." 07/01/2000 - "Long-term administration of cilostazol was effective and safe in the secondary prevention of cerebral infarction. "
4.	Dipyridamole (Persantine)FDA LinkGeneric 12/29/1983 - "Six hundred and four patients with atherothrombotic cerebral ischemic events (transient: 16% or completed: 84%) referable either to the carotid or to the vertebral-basilar circulation were entered into a double blind randomized clinical trial (AICLA) to determine whether aspirin (A) (1 g/day) or aspirin (1 g) + dipyridamole (225 mg) (AD) would produce a significant reduction in the subsequent (3 years) occurrence of fatal and non fatal cerebral infarction. " 01/01/1983 - "604 Patients with atherothrombotic cerebral ischemic events (transient, 16%: or completed, 84%) referrable either to the carotid or to the vertebral-basilar circulation were entered into a double blind randomized clinical trial (AICLA) to determine whether aspirin (A) (1 g/day) or aspirin (1 g/day) + Dipyridamole (225 mg/day) (AD) would produce a significant reduction in the subsequent (3 years) occurrence of fatal and nonfatal cerebral infarction. " 12/02/2006 - "[The combination of acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole is more effective in secondary prevention following transient ischaemic attack or cerebral infarction: the debate is closed]." 12/02/2006 - "[The combination of acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole is more effective in secondary prevention following transient ischaemic attack or cerebral infarction: the debate is closed]." 08/19/2006 - "[The combination of acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole is more effective in secondary prevention following transient ischaemic attack or cerebral infarction: the debate is closed]."
5.	Heparin (Liquaemin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/25/2001 - "In heparin low-dose I, the size of cerebral infarction was significantly (P<0.01) reduced and neurological deficits were significantly (P<0.01) improved. " 05/01/2012 - "[A controlled study on the treatment of acute progressive cerebral infarction by continuous anticoagulation with small doses of heparin]." 11/01/2005 - "The purpose of this study was to try an intravenous regimen of unfractionated heparin the acute cerebral infarction starting treatment within the first 3 hours of the onset of symptoms. " 05/01/2012 - "To discuss the treatment of acute progressive cerebral infarction by continuous anticoagulation with small doses of heparin. " 05/01/2006 - "Anticoagulation with heparin probably reduces the risks of cerebral infarction. "
6.	CytokinesIBA 04/15/2013 - "Ischemic cerebral infarction is a leading cause of death and disability, but the key inflammatory cytokines were not fully understood and no successful therapy has been established. " 02/07/2006 - "Administration of hematopoietic cytokines in the subacute phase after cerebral infarction is effective for functional recovery facilitating proliferation of intrinsic neural stem/progenitor cells and transition of bone marrow-derived neuronal cells." 04/15/2013 - "These findings may help to understand the cytokines in cerebral infarction and open up a possible new way of immunological treatment." 11/01/2003 - "The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of JDT on the production of various cytokines in the patients with cerebral infarction (CI). " 12/03/2007 - "However, the mechanisms by which the formula affects on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cerebral infarction patients remain unknown yet. "
7.	AnticoagulantsIBA 04/01/1992 - "Treatment with anticoagulants is controversial because of the risk of hemorrhagic cerebral infarction, but may be beneficial in some cases. " 09/01/2015 - "The introduction of direct oral anticoagulants (DOA) in the early stage of cerebral infarction after thrombolysis may reduce the recurrence rate but raises safety concern. " 01/01/2014 - "At variance with moderate and severe cerebral infarction, oral anticoagulants can be initiated without delay in TIA patients. " 01/01/2013 - "Therefore, it is very important to prevent cerebral infarction using anticoagulant drugs. " 03/01/2007 - "[The influence of oral anticoagulants in the natural history of cardioembolic cerebral infarctions]."
8.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)IBA 08/01/2013 - "This study aims to determine whether functional polymorphism of CD40 is associated with the cerebral infarction (CI) susceptibility, and to investigate the effect of CD40 gene polymorphism on CD40 mRNA expression in PBMCs and plasma sCD40L concentration. " 06/01/2014 - "Furthermore, HSP-70 subtype mRNA expression was independent of both occlusion duration and cerebral infarction volume." 10/01/2010 - "BYHWD could reduce the protein and mRNA expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α in levels after cerebral infarction. " 10/01/2010 - "After cerebral infarction, the protein and mRNA expression of IL-1β and TNF-α began to increase in rats 1 day after the insult, and the protein and mRNA expression of IL-1β reached the peak on 3rd day, and then lowered, and the protein and mRNA expression of TNF-α reached the peak on 7th day. " 03/01/2007 - "Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radioimmunoassay were applied to evaluate the PAF receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and PAF levels in the perifocal regions of cerebral infarction respectively. "
9.	Kallikreins (Kallikrein)IBA 04/15/2012 - "Results showed that human urinary kallidinogenase improved symptoms of neurological deficiency by enhancing remodeling of long-term cortical motor function in patients with acute cerebral infarction. " 01/01/2015 - "Study on the effect of urinary kallidinogenase after thrombolytic treatment for acute cerebral infarction." 07/01/2015 - "In accordance with randomized controlled trial, 110 patients with acute cerebral infarction were randomly assigned to kallikrein treatment group (55 cases) and control group (55 cases). " 04/15/2012 - "A total of 29 patients were treated within 48 hours after acute subcortical cerebral infarction with Xuesaitong or Xuesaitong plus human urinary kallidinogenase for 14 days. " 04/15/2012 - "Remodeling of motor cortex function in acute cerebral infarction patients following human urinary kallidinogenase: A functional magnetic resonance imaging evaluation after 6 months."
10.	CalciumIBA 05/01/1996 - "To prevent recurrence of cerebral infarction (CI), the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy, when used in combination with a calcium antagonist, was examined. " 01/01/2002 - "The RR of death on treatment with calcium antagonists was 0.94 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.10), that of ischaemic neurological deficits 0.67 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.76), and that of CT-scan documented cerebral infarction 0.80 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.89). " 01/01/2000 - "The RR of death on treatment with calcium antagonists was 0.94 (95% CI 0.80-1.10), that of ischaemic neurological deficits 0.67 (95% CI 0.59-0.76), and that of CT-scan documented cerebral infarction 0.80 (95% CI 0.71-0.89). " 03/01/1994 - "Cerebral blood flow and effects of cerebrospinal fluid on calcium transport in patients with cerebral infarction." 01/01/1990 - "Calcium-related mechanisms are an integral part of metabolic reactions during acute cerebral infarction. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 02/25/2013 - "Intravenous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow ameliorates functional deficits in rat cerebral infarction models. " 06/02/2010 - "Intravenous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) prepared from bone marrow ameliorates functional deficits in rat cerebral infarction models. " 03/01/2009 - "Intravenous transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) expanded from adult bone marrow ameliorates functional deficits in rat cerebral infarction models. " 12/01/2005 - "We investigated the behavioral and histologic efficacy of such bone marrow stromal cell-derived neuronal cell (MSDNC) transplantation into a focal cerebral infarction model in rats. " 03/01/2013 - "The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) administered via internal jugular vein injection, carotid artery injection, or intraventricular transplantation for the treatment of cerebral infarction, which was modeled in rats. "
2.	Acupuncture Points (Acupuncture Point) 08/01/2005 - "Pulse magnetic acupuncture and routine acupuncture at scalp acupoints have same therapeutic effect on acute cerebral infarction, which is superior to that of static magnetic acupuncture." 03/01/2007 - "The improved acupoints combined with rehabilitation exercise can improve locomotor ability of the upper limbs and ability of daily life in the patient of cerebral infarction." 03/01/2007 - "[Effects of the improved acupoints and rehabilitation exercise on locomotor ability of the upper limbs and ability of daily life in the patient of cerebral infarction]." 06/01/2015 - "Cerebral infarction induced increase of cerebral srGAP 1 and decrease of Cdc 42 can be reversed by acupoint EA intervention in CIRI rats, which may be responsible for its effect in improving impaired neurological function after cerebral infarction." 11/01/2013 - "Cluster analysis for acupoint specificity of acupuncture effect based on cerebral infarction rat model."
3.	Electroacupuncture 12/01/2005 - "MCAO could induce neurologic impairment, cerebral infarction and cerebral pathological lesion in the rat, all of these changes could be cured spontaneously in varying degrees with prolongation of ischemic time, but electroacupuncture could relieve the lesions to a certain extents. " 07/01/2015 - "[Magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of memory impairment after cerebral infarction treated with electroacupuncture]." 08/01/2015 - "Effects of electroacupuncture on endothelial function and circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with cerebral infarction." 06/01/2015 - "[Effect of Electroacupuncture on Expression of Cortical srGAP 1 and Cdc 42 in Rats with Focal Cerebral Infarction]." 08/01/2013 - "[Effect of electroacupuncture of "Neiguan" (PC 6) and "Zusanli" (ST 36) on expression of cerebral cortical slit 2/Robo 1 in the focal cerebral infarction rats ]."
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 09/01/1986 - "Thus, when evaluating the effectiveness of a new therapy for cerebral infarction, rapid improvement in the acute stage before and after treatment should be carefully noted." 11/01/2013 - "3Concerning to the recurrence of disease at the different period after treatment, the case number of cerebral infarction was not different significantly between the two groups (P>0. " 05/01/2013 - "After treatment of 90 days, the case numbers of TIA recurrence or of progressing to cerebral infarction were counted. " 01/01/2007 - "Berg balance scale (BBS) was used for investigating changes of balance function before and after treatment in the patient of cerebral infarction. " 06/01/1992 - "3. Sizes of cerebral infarction do not distinctly change in both groups between at entry and at the fourth weekend after treatment."
5.	Ligation 08/01/2003 - "Subsequent ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebral infarction is unpredictable, but overall outcome is superior to that with ligation of the injured artery." 09/01/2001 - "Complementary in vivo studies showed that pretreatment with BMP6 increased motor performance and generated less cerebral infarction induced by MCA ligation/reperfusion in rats. " 01/01/1976 - "Cerebral infarction following bilateral carotid artery ligation in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats: a pathological study." 05/01/2006 - "Cerebral infarction was induced by microsurgical procedures with ligation of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and clipping of bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA) for 60 min. The rats were sacrificed 24 h later and serial brain slices of 2 mm thickness were taken and stained for the measurement of infarct area. " 04/02/2004 - "Cerebral infarction was induced by microsurgical procedures with ligation of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and clipping of the bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA) for 60 minutes. "