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Intracranial Arteriosclerosis (Cerebral Atherosclerosis)

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Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.

Also Known As:

Cerebral Atherosclerosis; Cerebral Arteriosclerosis; Intracranial Atherosclerosis; Arterioscleroses, Cerebral; Arterioscleroses, Intracranial; Arteriosclerosis, Cerebral; Arteriosclerosis, Intracranial; Atheroscleroses, Cerebral; Atheroscleroses, Intracranial; Atherosclerosis, Cerebral; Atherosclerosis, Intracranial; Cerebral Arterioscleroses; Cerebral Atheroscleroses; Intracranial Arterioscleroses; Intracranial Atheroscleroses

Networked: 309 relevant articles (11 outcomes, 34 trials/studies)

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Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Stroke (Strokes)
2.	Intermittent Claudication
3.	Pathologic Constriction (Stenosis)
4.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
5.	Diabetes Mellitus

Experts

1.	Meyers, Philip M: 9 articles (12/2010 - 01/2004)
2.	Higashida, Randall T: 8 articles (12/2010 - 01/2004)
3.	Sacks, David: 6 articles (12/2010 - 10/2005)
4.	Hopkins, L Nelson: 6 articles (11/2010 - 04/2004)
5.	Levy, Elad I: 6 articles (11/2010 - 04/2004)
6.	Liebeskind, David S: 5 articles (05/2015 - 01/2012)
7.	Kim, Jong S: 5 articles (03/2015 - 05/2011)
8.	Wojak, Joan C: 5 articles (01/2014 - 10/2005)
9.	Lavine, Sean D: 5 articles (12/2010 - 01/2005)
10.	Schumacher, H Christian: 5 articles (12/2010 - 09/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Intracranial Arteriosclerosis:

1.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1999 - "The use of aspirin in these patients cannot be based on direct evidence, but only on analogy with coronary and cerebral atherosclerosis, where it has documented efficacy. " 06/01/2008 - "Based on the results of the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease study, the risk of ipsilateral stroke at 1.8 years is between 13 and 14% in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. " 11/01/2006 - "Based on the results of the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease study, the risk of ipsilateral stroke at 1.8 years is between 13 and 14% in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. " 01/01/2005 - "For those patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis, the prognosis is poor; and the recent Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis (WASID) trial results have demonstrated the high risk of warfarin without clear benefit. " 01/01/2004 - "The recently NIH-funded Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) trial will compare warfarin with aspirin for stroke prevention in patients with intracranial atherosclerosis. "
2.	cilostazol (Pletal)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2015 - "Additional trials have shown that cilostazol is effective in the prevention of intracranial atherosclerosis progression. " 03/01/2015 - "Although further studies are required, we suggest that at least some stroke patients (e.g., patients prone to bleeding, patients with intracranial atherosclerosis, etc.) may readily benefit from cilostazol regardless of ethnicity. " 01/01/1985 - "A new antithrombotic drug, cilostazol (6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-qui nolinone OPC-13013), was administered at daily oral doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg for 2 weeks in 15 patients with cerebrovascular disease including cerebral thrombosis, transient ischemic attacks and cerebral arteriosclerosis, and patient response was determined based on the degree of suppression of the platelet function. " 01/01/1985 - "A new antithrombotic drug, cilostazol (6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)- qui nolinone, OPC-13013), was orally administered at 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg daily for four weeks to 24 patients with cerebrovascular diseases including cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, transient ischemic attacks and cerebral arteriosclerosis. "
3.	EndostatinsIBA 01/01/2005 - "A predominance of the inhibitor endostatin within the endogenous angiogenic response is associated with a greater extent and risk of recurrence of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis, suggesting that angiogenesis may be beneficial in this condition." 01/01/2005 - "Angiogenesis in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis: predominance of the inhibitor endostatin is related to a greater extent and risk of recurrence." 01/01/2005 - "We aimed to investigate the relationship between the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the anti-angiogenic endostatin, and the extent and risk of recurrence of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. " 01/01/2005 - "Diabetes mellitus (OR, 6.04; CI, 1.1 to 32.2; P=0.03) and a higher endostatin/VEGF ratio (OR, 15.7; CI, 2.2 to 112.3; P=0.006) were independently associated with a greater extent of intracranial atherosclerosis. " 01/01/2005 - "Studies performed by our group in patients with symptomatic intracranial large-artery atherosclerosis have shown that: (1) C-reactive protein predicts its progression and recurrence, suggesting that inflammation may play a deleterious role in this condition; (2) a high level of the anti-angiogenic endostatin is also associated with a progressive and recurrent intracranial atherosclerosis, which might support a beneficial role for angiogenesis in this group of patients; and (3) elevated lipoprotein(a) concentration and diabetes mellitus characterize those patients with a higher number of intracranial stenoses."
4.	CalciumIBA 01/01/2014 - "Subjects in the upper three quartiles of corrected serum calcium concentration had a significantly greater risk for intracranial atherosclerosis compared with the lowest quartile with the odds ratios of 3.50 (95% confidence interval 1.50-8.15), 3.11 (95% confidence interval 1.26-7.69), and 3.77 (95% confidence interval 1.58-9.03), respectively. " 01/01/2014 - "Corrected serum calcium concentrations are positively associated with the presence of intracranial atherosclerosis." 01/01/2014 - "However, serum phosphate and uncorrected serum calcium concentrations were not associated with intracranial atherosclerosis. " 01/01/2014 - "Serum calcium and phosphate concentrations and intracranial atherosclerosis." 01/01/2014 - "We evaluated whether higher serum calcium and phosphate concentrations would be associated with intracranial atherosclerosis in a stroke-free Korean population. "
5.	Taurine FDA Link 10/01/1999 - "The first publications regarding clinical use of taurine were Italian reports claiming therapeutic efficacy in angina, intermittent claudication and symptomatic cerebral arteriosclerosis. "
6.	PapaverineIBA 06/01/1970 - "Management of chronic brain syndrome secondary to cerebral arteriosclerosis, with special reference to papaverine hydrochloride."
7.	10-N-nonylacridinium orange (NAO)IBA 10/01/2012 - "Nao-De-Sheng decoction (NDS), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription containing Radix puerariae lobatae, Floscarthami, Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng, Rhizoma chuanxiong and Fructus crataegi, is effective in the treatment of cerebral arteriosclerosis, ischemic cerebral stroke and apoplexy linger effect. "
8.	diazonaphthalenedisulfonic acid (NDS)IBA 10/01/2012 - "Nao-De-Sheng decoction (NDS), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription containing Radix puerariae lobatae, Floscarthami, Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng, Rhizoma chuanxiong and Fructus crataegi, is effective in the treatment of cerebral arteriosclerosis, ischemic cerebral stroke and apoplexy linger effect. "
9.	Warfarin (Coumadin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2008 - "Based on the results of the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease study, the risk of ipsilateral stroke at 1.8 years is between 13 and 14% in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. " 11/01/2006 - "Based on the results of the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease study, the risk of ipsilateral stroke at 1.8 years is between 13 and 14% in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. " 01/01/2005 - "For those patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis, the prognosis is poor; and the recent Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis (WASID) trial results have demonstrated the high risk of warfarin without clear benefit. " 01/01/2004 - "The recently NIH-funded Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) trial will compare warfarin with aspirin for stroke prevention in patients with intracranial atherosclerosis. "
10.	glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate (Vessel)IBA 04/01/2006 - "Although several small studies have attempted to address this issue, a comprehensive review regarding the natural history of intracranial atherosclerosis in a vessel-specific manner is lacking. " 10/01/2014 - "Susceptibility vessel signs on T2*-weighted gradient echo images in patients with cerebral atherosclerosis." 06/04/2013 - "MS is an independent predictor for multi-vessel lesions of intracranial atherosclerosis. " 06/04/2013 - "And multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that MS was associated with multi-vessel lesions of intracranial atherosclerosis (P = 0.001). " 06/04/2013 - "MS was defined by the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III to examine the incidences of MS. The risk factors were analyzed for multi-vessel lesions of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis to explore the relationship between MS and multi-vessel lesions. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Catheters 03/01/2013 - "The gold standard for the diagnosis of intracranial atherosclerosis remains catheter based digital subtraction angiography (DSA). " 06/12/2007 - "Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can identify intracranial atherosclerosis but have not been rigorously validated against the gold standard, catheter angiography. " 01/01/2004 - "Noninvasive testing such as transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to identify intracranial atherosclerosis is in widespread use, but has not been rigorously validated against the gold standard, catheter angiography. " 01/01/2005 - "Advances in stent design, endovascular wires, and catheters and balloons are allowing endovascular surgeons to safely treat intracranial atherosclerosis. " 08/01/2014 - "The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) study validated noninvasive imaging tests of intracranial atherosclerosis against catheter angiography in a prospective, blinded, multicenter setting. "
2.	Angioplasty (Angioplasty, Transluminal) 03/01/2014 - "This study aimed to evaluate the 1-year clinical and angiographic outcome of angioplasty and stenting of intracranial atherosclerosis using Wingspan and Gateway system. " 11/01/2008 - "As for understanding the natural history of intracranial atherosclerosis disease, it is to be hoped that the results of recently launched and future randomized clinical trials will clarify the role of intracranial percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting." 05/01/2015 - "Outcomes of tailored angioplasty and/or stenting for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis: a prospective cohort study after SAMMPRIS." 03/01/2014 - "One-year clinical and angiographic outcomes of angioplasty and stenting are promising for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis." 03/01/2014 - "Angioplasty and stenting of intracranial atherosclerosis with the Wingspan system: 1-year clinical and radiological outcome in a single Asian center."
3.	Stents 06/01/2014 - "A retrospective analysis was performed of patients treated with stents for intracranial atherosclerosis at 4 centers. " 11/01/2013 - "In-stent restenosis after stenting of intracranial atherosclerosis is significantly associated with an increased risk and an earlier occurrence of recurrent ischemic events in the territory of the stented intracranial artery." 01/01/2012 - "At a single center, between 2008 and 2011, patients with angiographically demonstrated severe (70-90%) symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis were divided into two groups: group A, which received only medical treatment, and group B, which underwent endovascular stent implant treatment. " 01/01/2012 - "Retrospective case series of consecutive patients undergoing stenting with Wingspan and balloon mounted coronary stents for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis at a single institution. " 06/01/2011 - "With the advent of stents for use in intracranial vasculature, new hope has arisen for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis. "
4.	Chinese Traditional Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 10/31/2012 - "Naodesheng prescription is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and mainly applied in clinics to treat cerebral arteriosclerosis, ischemic stroke, sequelae of cerebral hemorrhage etc. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-thrombosis effects of this prescription, and to search its bioactive fraction. " 10/01/2012 - "Nao-De-Sheng decoction (NDS), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription containing Radix puerariae lobatae, Floscarthami, Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng, Rhizoma chuanxiong and Fructus crataegi, is effective in the treatment of cerebral arteriosclerosis, ischemic cerebral stroke and apoplexy linger effect. "
5.	Baths 05/01/1973 - "[Changes in the functional state of the nervous and cardiovascular systems in cerebral arteriosclerosis under the effect of baths in an open therapeutic swimming pool]." 09/01/1983 - "[Effect of carbon dioxide baths on the hemodynamics in the carotid and vertebrobasilar regions of the brain in patients with cerebral atherosclerosis (rheoencephalographic data)]." 07/01/1976 - "[Comparative study of the effect of radon baths of different concentration on the bioelectric activity of the brain and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis with transient disorders of cerebrovascular circulation]." 05/01/1973 - "[Mechanism of action of nitrogen baths on brain hemodynamics in cerebral arteriosclerosis (based on rheoencephalographic and mathematical modeling data)]." 03/01/1978 - "[Effect of chloride sodium iodobromine baths on the dynamics of the clinical and functional indices in cerebral arteriosclerosis patients]."