Central Nervous System Infections (Central Nervous System Infection)

Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.

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Networked: 349 relevant articles (17 outcomes, 14 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Bacterial Meningitis
3.	Fever (Fevers)
4.	Viral Meningitis
5.	Cryptococcosis

Experts

1.	Kwon-Chung, Kyung J: 3 articles (01/2014 - 12/2006)
2.	Hara, Toshiro: 2 articles (08/2015 - 08/2002)
3.	Nation, Roger L: 2 articles (02/2015 - 07/2006)
4.	Alvarez-Lerma, F: 2 articles (11/2014 - 05/2001)
5.	Regazzi, Mario: 2 articles (04/2014 - 08/2012)
6.	Imberti, Roberto: 2 articles (04/2014 - 08/2012)
7.	Kalita, Jayantee: 2 articles (03/2014 - 07/2008)
8.	Misra, Usha Kant: 2 articles (03/2014 - 07/2008)
9.	Visvesvara, Govinda S: 2 articles (02/2014 - 08/2005)
10.	Holland, Steven M: 2 articles (01/2014 - 12/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Central Nervous System Infections:

1.	voriconazole (Vfend)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2013 - "The clinical efficacy of voriconazole for central nervous system infections has been attributed to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. " 06/01/2011 - "The efficacy of voriconazole in the treatment of 192 fungal central nervous system infections: a retrospective analysis." 07/01/2007 - "Efficacy of voriconazole in a murine model of cryptococcal central nervous system infection." 04/01/2014 - "However, voriconazole may presumably be superior for central nervous system infections because of its ability to achieve good levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. " 07/01/2005 - "The authors review the use of voriconazole for central nervous system infections and review the literature on S. "
2.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1982 - "Central nervous system systemic lupus erythematosus versus central nervous system infection: low cerebral spinal fluid glucose and pleocytosis in a patient with a prolonged course." 01/01/2002 - "In conclusion, in cases of clinically suspected bacterial central nervous system infection after removal of an external ventricular drain, lumbar CSF lactate, glucose, and cytology are comparable to previously determined ventricular values, and thus may help physicians to choose the best treatment." 01/01/1992 - "The use of blood glucose/cerebrospinal fluid glucose ratio in the diagnosis of central nervous system infection in infants and children." 09/01/1998 - "Signs of active central nervous system infection, such as the decreased CSF glucose, and elevated CSF protein, neuron specific enolase and LDH, resolved after initiation of treatment with pyrimethamine and sulfazoxine. " 01/01/1995 - "In order to differentiate bacterial meningitis versus viral meningitis, we have comparatively tested the efficacy of the following tests: C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), fever, level of glucose in cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), glucose in CSF/glycemia ratio, number of white blood cells in peripheric blood, percentage of neutrophils in peripheric blood, level of proteins in CSF and number of nucleated cells in CSF for a group of 49 patients, both children and adults with central nervous system infection (37 patients with bacterial meningitis and 12 with viral meningitis) hospitalised between May 1993 and July 1994 in Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Iaşi. "
3.	Acyclovir (Aciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 07/20/1982 - "Preventive and curative effects of acyclovir on central nervous system infections in hamsters inoculated with herpes simplex virus." 11/15/2010 - "These studies indicate that CMX001 penetrates the blood-brain barrier, is a potent inhibitor of HSV replication in disseminated infections and central nervous system infections, and is superior to acyclovir." 05/01/2015 - "Parenteral acyclovir was prescribed for herpes encephalitis in addition to antibiotics for central nervous system infection. "
4.	cidofovir hexadecyloxypropyl esterIBA 11/15/2010 - "These studies indicate that CMX001 penetrates the blood-brain barrier, is a potent inhibitor of HSV replication in disseminated infections and central nervous system infections, and is superior to acyclovir."
5.	VancomycinFDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2002 - "[The efficacy of intraventricularly administered vancomycin in the case of central nervous system infection caused by enterococcus faecalis]." 10/01/2014 - "Central nervous system infection caused by vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (SCCmec type IV, ST8)." 08/01/2014 - "Central nervous system infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci: case series and review of the literature." 02/01/2014 - "Central nervous system infections requiring treatment with intraventricular (IVT) vancomycin are becoming increasingly common with advent of intracranial devices and increasing prevalence of multi-drug resistant and nosocomial organisms. " 04/01/2009 - "Common pediatric references recommend vancomycin dosing of 40 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 8 hours for non-central nervous system infections, while some clinicians report utilizing higher initial doses to optimize efficacy. "
6.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 06/01/2005 - "Our results emphasize that the timely use of appropriate antibiotics is essential for the management of this potentially fatal central nervous system infection. " 05/01/1997 - "She received antibiotics treatment only and recovered from her central nervous system infection completely. " 07/01/1993 - "Since in some bacterial central nervous system infections the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier is either minimally impaired or recovers in the course of the illness, we studied the penetration of both antibiotics in the absence of inflamed meninges. " 05/01/1970 - "The intrathecal and intraventricular administration of antibiotics in central nervous system infections." 01/01/1959 - "Use of antibiotics in central nervous system infections."
7.	Colistin (Coly-Mycin)FDA Link 10/01/2014 - "Based on our comprehensive review of the relevant literature relating to both clinical and pharmacokinetic data, we conclude that the intrathecal/intraventricular administration of colistin is a safe and effective option to treat central nervous system infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. " 04/01/2014 - "Central nervous system infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria susceptible only to colistin are rare but life-threatening and increasing in prevalence. " 04/01/2014 - "Intraventricular or intrathecal colistin for the treatment of central nervous system infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria." 07/01/2010 - "Intrathecal colistin for drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infection: a case series and systematic review." 06/01/2009 - "Intraventricular/intrathecal and IV colistin might be the best therapeutic option in the treatment of central nervous system infection caused by MDRAB. "
8.	linezolid (Zyvox)FDA Link 01/01/2004 - "This observation seems to confirm previous reports of the efficacy of linezolid for the treatment of central nervous system infections caused by multidrug resistant Gram-positive bacteria. " 10/01/2013 - "Recent findings have focused on the possible role of linezolid (LZD) as a suitable candidate for the treatment of central nervous system infections. " 09/01/2008 - "However, our drug level results suggest that further investigation is needed to determine the optimal dosing of linezolid in treatment of central nervous system infection in pediatric patients." 12/01/2007 - "Recent findings have focused on the possible role of linezolid as a suitable candidate for the treatment of central nervous system infections. " 02/01/2007 - "Linezolid for the treatment of patients with central nervous system infection."
9.	Lactic AcidFDA LinkGeneric 10/15/2004 - "The diagnostic usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid levels in central nervous system infections." 05/01/1983 - "Cerebrospinal fluid lactate (CSF) was measured by a rapid enzymatic method in 230 patients admitted with a suspected diagnosis of central nervous system infection. " 08/01/1981 - "[The diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid level in central nervous system infection (author's transl)]." 01/01/2002 - "In conclusion, in cases of clinically suspected bacterial central nervous system infection after removal of an external ventricular drain, lumbar CSF lactate, glucose, and cytology are comparable to previously determined ventricular values, and thus may help physicians to choose the best treatment." 01/01/1975 - "High levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were found in 23 cases of bacterial meningitis, but significantly lower levels of CSF LDH activity were observed in 11 patients with viral meningitis and in 13 patients with no central nervous system infection. "
10.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 02/01/2007 - "We show that two GBS proteins involved in pilus formation, encoded by pilA and pilB, also facilitate the interaction of this important agent of central nervous system infection with endothelial cells of the human blood-brain barrier." 07/01/1981 - "These proteins entered the cerebrospinal fluid by transfer from serum during the period of central nervous system infection." 03/01/1986 - "Localization of cytomegalovirus proteins and genome during fulminant central nervous system infection in an AIDS patient." 12/01/1984 - "Persistent and acute central nervous system infections are caused by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis viruses which differ in RNA composition but code for only slightly different proteins." 01/01/1995 - "In order to differentiate bacterial meningitis versus viral meningitis, we have comparatively tested the efficacy of the following tests: C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), fever, level of glucose in cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), glucose in CSF/glycemia ratio, number of white blood cells in peripheric blood, percentage of neutrophils in peripheric blood, level of proteins in CSF and number of nucleated cells in CSF for a group of 49 patients, both children and adults with central nervous system infection (37 patients with bacterial meningitis and 12 with viral meningitis) hospitalised between May 1993 and July 1994 in Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Iaşi. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Chemoprevention 12/01/1975 - "The efficacy of chemoprophylaxis in the treatment of basilar skull fractures was studied in 129 patients over a 2-year period; antibiotics were found ineffective in preventing central nervous system infections, and in some cases may have proved harmful. "
2.	Ventriculostomy 11/01/2008 - "A MEDLINE literature search was carried out for studies from January 1990 through March 2008 reporting on ventriculostomy, EVD-related central nervous system infections, in particular ventriculitis and meningitis. " 03/01/1996 - "Since nosocomial central nervous system infections are often accompanied by only a minor dysfunction of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, patients with noninflammatory occlusive hydrocephalus who had undergone external ventriculostomy were studied (n = 8). " 11/01/2003 - "Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus secondary to central nervous system infection or intraventricular hemorrhage in children."
3.	Cardiopulmonary Bypass (Heart-Lung Bypass) 07/25/2002 - "To assess the morbidity, mortality, clinical features, death causes, prevention and treatment of patients with central nervous system infection(CNSI) undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. " 07/01/1997 - "The majority of studies have focused on patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass surgery or with burns, cancer or central nervous system infections. "
4.	Heart Transplantation (Grafting, Heart) 12/01/2007 - "To study central nervous system infections after heart transplantations. " 12/01/2007 - "We report here, for the first time, varicella-zoster virus central nervous system infection in heart transplantations." 12/01/2007 - "Central nervous system infections are rare but devastating complications of heart transplantations. "
5.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2013 - "Central nervous system infection in transplant recipients is a medical emergency. " 10/01/2009 - "We report a fatal central nervous system infection in a lung transplant recipient. " 03/01/2008 - "Central nervous system infections in transplant recipients by Cladophialophora bantiana." 12/01/2007 - "Central nervous system infections developed in 8 patients (3%), all of whom presented within the first 4 years after transplantation. " 12/01/2007 - "Central nervous system infections in heart transplant recipients."