Cellulitis

An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2797 relevant articles (136 outcomes, 178 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Abscess
3.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
4.	Lymphedema (Milroy Disease)
5.	Ulcer

Experts

1.	Kroshinsky, Daniela: 8 articles (01/2018 - 09/2007)
2.	Choi, Mihye: 6 articles (04/2020 - 01/2013)
3.	Babl, Franz E: 6 articles (10/2019 - 01/2016)
4.	Bryant, Penelope A: 6 articles (10/2019 - 01/2016)
5.	Hopper, Sandy M: 6 articles (10/2019 - 01/2016)
6.	Ibrahim, Laila F: 6 articles (10/2019 - 01/2016)
7.	Koshima, Isao: 6 articles (09/2019 - 09/2012)
8.	Quirke, Michael: 6 articles (01/2018 - 06/2013)
9.	Wakai, Abel: 6 articles (01/2018 - 06/2013)
10.	Yadav, Krishan: 5 articles (08/2022 - 01/2019)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cellulitis:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 06/01/2013 - "We test the hypothesis that antibiotics targeting CA-MRSA are beneficial in the treatment of cellulitis. " 05/01/2011 - "There was 1 case of cellulitis (11%) treated successfully with in-office incision and drainage, and oral antibiotics. " 09/01/2008 - "Four patients developed cellulitis near the cervical gastric tube site and were treated successfully with antibiotics and/or tube removal. " 07/01/1988 - "After 24 to 48 hours of parenteral antibiotics, 12 patients (57%) had improved sufficiently and were continued on antibiotics until resolution (cellulitis group). " 09/01/2014 - "Two recent studies performed by the 'Prophylactic Antibiotics for the Treatment of Cellulitis at Home' (PATCH) group have clearly confirmed the efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis. "
2.	Penicillins (Penicillin)FDA Link 01/01/2017 - "The statistical analysis plan (SAP) for the Penicillin for the Emergency Department Outpatient treatment of CELLulitis (PEDOCELL) trial is described here. " 01/01/2017 - "The Penicillin for the Emergency Department Outpatient treatment of CELLulitis (PEDOCELL) trial: update to the study protocol and detailed statistical analysis plan (SAP)." 12/01/2014 - "Author response to van Zuuren et al., Penicillin to prevent recurrent cellulitis: a critical appraisal." 12/01/2014 - "Penicillin to prevent recurrent leg cellulitis: a critical appraisal." 01/15/2014 - "Prophylaxis of recurrent cellulitis with penicillin 250 mg 2 x/d PO may be considered. "
3.	Floxacillin (Flucloxacillin)IBA 05/05/2014 - "Those who have improved substantially (defined as being afebrile, and having a lower cellulitis severity score) will be randomized at day 6 between additional 6 days of oral flucloxacillin (n = 198) or placebo (n = 198). " 05/01/2020 - "This multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial enrolled adult patients hospitalized for severe cellulitis who were treated with intravenous flucloxacillin. " 05/19/2019 - "Assuming cellulitis, flucloxacillin was began. " 01/01/2019 - "He had recently received treatment for cellulitis with flucloxacillin. " 12/06/2017 - "She was commenced on flucloxacillin by the medical team for presumed cellulitis with minimal response. "
4.	Cephalexin (Cefalexin)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2022 - "With a success rate of 89.7%, HD oral cephalexin seems effective and safe for the treatment of children with moderate cellulitis. " 01/01/2023 - "This pilot randomized controlled trial comparing high-dose to standard-dose cephalexin for ED patients with cellulitis demonstrated a high participant recruitment rate and that a full-scale trial is feasible. " 01/01/2023 - "To evaluate the feasibility of a randomized trial comparing high-dose (1000 mg) to standard-dose (500 mg) cephalexin to treat ED patients with cellulitis. " 08/01/2016 - "The primary objective of this study was to compare therapeutic failure rates in non-obese and morbidly obese patients with cellulitis when treated with cephalexin at standard dosing. " 06/01/2000 - "Eleven (2.8%) of 393 study patients had been initially treated with cephalexin prior to our evaluation; 9 (82%) were originally diagnosed with cellulitis. "
5.	Ampicillin (Omnipen)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2020 - "The patient was admitted with presumed bacterial cellulitis and was treated with intravenous ampicillin. " 03/01/1986 - "Buccal cellulitis in an infant due to ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae." 11/01/1980 - "Ampicillin-resistant H influenzae cellulitis and shock in an adult." 10/01/1989 - "We report in a 13 months old child, with measles, a case of cellulitis, otitis and meningitis due to ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae Two facts are emphasized: the promoting aspect of measles/malnutrition and the empirical treatment of meningitis in resistant Haemophilus influenzae in tropical areas." 06/01/1979 - "Six soft tissue infections (three epiglottitis, one cellulitis, one pneumonia, and one arthritis) with ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae were treated initially with high doses of ampicillin (200 to 400 mg/kg/day intravenously) alone and had good clinical responses. "
6.	SteroidsIBA 09/01/2023 - "This case highlights the need for careful consideration of initial imaging and presence of a non-medial phlegmon prior to initiation of steroids." 04/01/2004 - "Unfortunately, facial candidal cellulitis occurred 2 months after the last time of steroid injection treatment. " 12/01/2003 - "This case report describes an uncommon cellulitis caused by Serratia plymuthica in a patient treated with steroids. " 04/01/2023 - "Our case highlights that SSTIs due to S. maltophilia can cause the unexpected development of fulminant metastatic cellulitis with systemic epidermal peeling in severely immunocompromised hosts, including CBT recipients undergoing steroid therapy." 04/01/2004 - "To prevent the occurrence of facial cellulitis after a high-dose steroid therapy, some prophylactic procedures should be taken before the initiation of the steroid treatment."
7.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 11/01/2023 - "Initially diagnosed with preseptal cellulitis, the patient experienced marked clinical improvement with corticosteroids. " 01/01/2003 - "This paper reports a case of nosocomial pneumococcal cellulitis that developed following a lymph-node biopsy in a woman being treated with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids for systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE). " 05/01/2001 - "A 65-year-old woman with refractory anaemia who had been treated with systemic corticosteroids for several months developed cryptococcal cellulitis of the right cubital fossa. " 02/26/2007 - "After corticosteroid injections into both acromioclavicular joints, he developed bilateral cellulitis centered over the injection sites. " 06/15/2016 - "neoformans manifesting as cellulitis with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis treated with corticosteroids. "
8.	Linezolid (Zyvox)FDA Link 12/01/2001 - "A decision-modelling approach was used to compare the predicted first-line treatment efficacy and direct medical costs of linezolid with standard treatment of cellulitis among hospitalized patients. " 01/01/2019 - "Prior to admission, she was on linezolid for cellulitis of foot due to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). " 05/01/2005 - "Linezolid treatment with 600 mg orally twice daily was instituted for MRSA cellulitis. " 03/01/2005 - "We obtained multiple serum samples from 7 obese patients (>50% over their calculated ideal body weight) receiving oral linezolid 600 mg every 12 hours for treatment of cellulitis. " 03/01/2005 - "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linezolid in obese patients with cellulitis."
9.	Cefazolin (Ancef)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2005 - "Low re-admission rates verify the efficacy of cephazolin 2 g twice daily in treating cellulitis in the home environment. " 09/01/2020 - "A randomized controlled study using elastomeric infuser versus bolus delivery of IV cefazolin via an SPC of patients referred to the Hospital in the Home service in the Northern Illawarra for treatment of cellulitis. " 04/01/2018 - "Our study included 102 patients with cellulitis of the lower extremities who were treated with intravenous cefazolin alone. " 01/01/2020 - "A clinical diagnosis of cellulitis was made initially, and intravenous cefazolin was initiated. " 08/01/2012 - "Once or twice-daily, algorithm-based intravenous cephazolin for home-based cellulitis treatment."
10.	beta-LactamsIBA 05/01/2008 - "Efficacy of oral beta-lactam versus non-beta-lactam treatment of uncomplicated cellulitis." 05/01/2008 - "A multicenter retrospective cohort study of outpatients treated for cellulitis was conducted to compare clinical failure rates of oral beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam treatments. " 12/01/2013 - "Empirical beta-lactam therapy directed primarily at streptococci appears sufficient for non-purulent cellulitis regardless of the prevalence of MRSA in the community. " 05/01/2008 - "There was no significant difference in clinical failure between beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of uncomplicated cellulitis. " 03/01/2002 - "All episodes were favorably treated in 5-16 days, in over 60% of cases with associated beta-lactam-aminglycoside antibiotics; a recurrence of staphylococcal cellulitis occurred in four patients only. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2022 - "Cellulitis was the most common complication and all patients recovered with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. " 05/01/2001 - "Although the cellulitis was cured by local treatment in this patient, most previous reports recommended systemic antifungal therapy to treat cryptococcal cellulitis." 06/01/2021 - "This case is the first of its kind to be described in the literature and it highlights how a conservative, staged surgical approach, in combination with anti-TNF therapy, can be effective in the management of severe dissecting scalp cellulitis. " 09/01/2019 - "This was a randomized controlled open-label multicenter trial to determine the safety and efficacy of 24 hours of intravenous (IV) therapy compared with ≥72 hours of IV therapy, both followed by oral therapy to a maximum of 7-10 days' duration for the treatment of lower limb cellulitis. " 01/01/2019 - "This research aims to determine if the management of chronic oedema using compression therapy effectively delays the recurrence of lower limb cellulitis. "
2.	Conservative Treatment 03/20/2016 - "Conclusion:The condition of cervical cellulitis is complex, a few case can be cured with conservative treatment. " 08/01/2015 - "Although conservative therapy is the first-line treatment, some patients are refractory to it and repeat severe cellulitis. " 12/12/2020 - "Though conservative management was the most practiced approach, recent studies have shifted the trends towards immediate appendicectomy for the management of appendiceal phlegmon. " 01/01/2017 - "This study retrospectively examined which cases were less likely to achieve cure, to clarify the limitations of conservative treatment for deep neck cellulitis. " 11/01/2022 - "Finally, patients reported a decreased incidence of cellulitis and decreased reliance on conservative therapy modalities postoperatively. "
3.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 01/01/2017 - " on five trials, antibiotic prophylaxis (at the end of the treatment phase ('on prophylaxis')) decreased the risk of cellulitis recurrence by 69%, compared to no treatment or placebo (risk ratio (RR) 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13 to 0.72; n = 513; P = 0.007), number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) six, (95% CI 5 to 15), and we rated the certainty of evidence for this outcome as moderate.Under" 01/01/2023 - "Monthly intramuscular antibiotic prophylaxis was demonstrated to be effective in reducing cellulitis recurrence. " 07/01/2014 - "To determine if antibiotic prophylaxis is effective in preventing recurrent cellulitis compared to no prophylaxis using a systematic review and meta-analysis. " 07/01/2014 - "Only controlled trials comparing antibiotic prophylaxis to no antibiotic prophylaxis in patients age 16 years and above, and after 1 or more episodes of cellulitis, were included. " 01/01/2022 - "Antibiotic prophylaxis is effective, but its role is limited to non-purulent cellulitis where risk factors are appropriately managed."
4.	Debridement 02/01/2023 - "Irrigation and debridement of associated necrotic tissue was unsuccessful and due to concerns such as cellulitis, HD was performed with patient consent. " 01/01/2023 - "Two patients had extrusion of the graft material into the facial soft tissues, resulting in facial cellulitis requiring graft removal and debridement. " 08/01/2022 - "Three months previously, she performed dental operative procedures on the left side of the first and second lower molar and debridement of phlegmon on the left side of the mouth. " 08/01/2022 - "Because the patient was not clinically improving, further imaging was obtained, which showed a large right retroantral phlegmon extending into the cranial fossa and right cavernous sinus, and the patient subsequently underwent surgical debridement. " 09/01/2021 - "Additionally, lifesaving surgical debridement is sometimes necessary for cellulitis, even in premature infants."
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2017 - "Our primary prespecified outcome was recurrence of cellulitis when on treatment and after treatment. " 03/01/2016 - "Two weeks after treatment was discontinued, the patient was diagnosed with recurrent cellulitis. " 12/01/2015 - "AAT activity values were significantly lower statistically in patients with unresolved cellulitis 2 weeks after treatment began. " 03/01/2014 - "A diagnosis of cellulitis suspected to be secondary to child abuse was made and the patient subsequently was placed in foster care; however, the lesion did not resolve after treatment and relocation. " 12/01/2008 - "One week after treatment only 1%-2% of the flock still had facial cellulitis."