Catalepsy

A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. The limbs tend to remain in whatever position they are placed (waxy flexibility). Catalepsy may be associated with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA, CATATONIC), nervous system drug toxicity, and other conditions.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2014 relevant articles (81 outcomes, 195 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hypothermia
2.	Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease)
3.	Parkinsonian Disorders (Parkinsonism)
4.	Tremor (Tremors)
5.	Muscle Rigidity

Experts

1.	Kulikov, A V: 29 articles (01/2015 - 07/2001)
2.	Popova, N K: 23 articles (01/2015 - 08/2002)
3.	Tikhonova, M A: 16 articles (01/2015 - 08/2002)
4.	Svensson, Torgny H: 15 articles (05/2012 - 11/2002)
5.	Wiley, Jenny L: 13 articles (05/2015 - 06/2003)
6.	Bazovkina, D V: 13 articles (02/2014 - 01/2006)
7.	Ohno, Yukihiro: 10 articles (11/2015 - 10/2008)
8.	Lichtman, Aron H: 10 articles (08/2015 - 08/2002)
9.	Schmidt, W J: 10 articles (03/2011 - 08/2000)
10.	Koek, Wouter: 10 articles (09/2008 - 10/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Catalepsy:

1.	Haloperidol (Haldol)FDA LinkGeneric 07/11/1985 - "Ablation of the frontal or parietal cortex led to a marked decrease in haloperidol catalepsy, whereas lesions of the occipital cortex, or of the olfactory bulbs did not affect catalepsy, when measured 3 weeks post lesion in all cases. " 02/15/2015 - "A significant reduction of the catalepsy response was seen in rats previously given haloperidol and receiving DBS at the IC. " 10/15/2008 - "In addition, compound 35 had good metabolic stability with a scaled intrinsic clearance of 3 mL/min/kg (HLM) and demonstrated efficacy in the haloperidol induced catalepsy model." 01/01/1984 - "Higher doses of haloperidol (1 and 5 mg/kg) produced significantly greater catalepsy in the hyperthyroid rats and significantly reduced catalepsy in the hypothyroid rats. " 01/01/1993 - "In contrast, haloperidol was found to be more effective in inducing catalepsy after i.v. (ED50 = 0.4 mumol/kg) than after i.p. "
2.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2011 - "Administration of L-dopa as replacement therapy, although caused symptomatic improvement in catalepsy score, but further worsening in neurochemical parameters. " 03/15/2014 - "We found that acute l-DOPA administration effectively decreased catalepsy and increased the use of the compromised forelimb in the cylinder test. " 09/01/1972 - "The effect of L-dopa on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy." 12/01/2008 - "On the other hand, its administration with high dose of coenzyme Q10 caused the most marked symptomatic improvement in catalepsy score when compared to its administration with low dose of coenzyme Q10, or when compared to either coenzyme Q10 high dose or L-dopa, respectively. " 03/15/2014 - "During l-DOPA treatment, the lactacystin-treated rats were tested for catalepsy and forelimb asymmetry. "
3.	Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2004 - "Delta(9)-THC alone produced slightly greater antinociception, and significantly greater catalepsy in females than males. " 11/21/2006 - "The present study investigated the involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) (5-HT(1A)) receptors in Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced catalepsy-like immobilization in mice. " 09/01/2014 - "On the morning or afternoon of day 8 or day 9, vehicle or THC (100 μg) was administered i.c.v. Paw pressure, tail withdrawal, locomotor activity and catalepsy tests were conducted over a 3-h period. " 04/15/2012 - "Enhanced tolerance to THC-induced catalepsy was observed in βarr2-KO mice. " 09/01/2011 - "THC alone also produced paw pressure antinociception and decreased locomotor activity, but did not produce catalepsy. "
4.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/10/2008 - "In this study two drugs that differ in antipsychotic potency but are similar in blocking dopamine D(2) receptors were used to investigate the mechanism for catalepsy and its sensitization. " 04/01/2002 - "In this study, we evaluated the role of central 5-HT(4) receptors in the control of motor behaviors related to change of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) transmission, namely, stereotyped behavior and catalepsy in rats. " 11/01/1999 - "A fundamental flaw in most of these studies may be the involvement of the "repeated measures effect," a behavioral phenomenon well demonstrated for neuroleptic-induced catalepsy but not yet investigated for dopamine D1 antagonists. " 06/01/1997 - "In this study, the relationship between in vivo dopamine D1 and D2 receptor occupancies and catalepsy was investigated to predict the intensity of catalepsy induced by drugs that bind to D1 and D2 receptors nonselectively. " 09/01/2015 - "Dopamine stabilizers have stimulatory actions under low dopamine tone and inhibitory actions under high dopamine tone without eliciting catalepsy. "
5.	Amphetamine (Amfetamine)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2011 - "amphetamine-induced locomotion (AIL) and conditioned avoidance response (CAR), predictive of antipsychotic effects; unilateral nigrostriatal lesioned rats, a model of hypo-dopaminergia; striatal Fos induction, a molecular marker for antipsychotic activity; and side-effects common to this class of drugs: catalepsy (motor side-effects) and prolactaemia. " 03/01/2005 - "KK13 is thus the first NT[8-13] analogue described to date that demonstrates inhibition of amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion without inducing catalepsy while maintaining day-to-day hypothermic potency." 02/01/2005 - "The results revealed that the extract caused a decrease in spontaneous activity and induced catalepsy in mice up to 240 min. The extract significantly protected the mice against amphetamine-induced toxicity and decreased the conditioned response in rats, in a dose-related manner. " 02/01/2005 - "roots on locomotor activity, catalepsy test, amphetamine-induced toxicity and active-avoidance test were studied. " 05/01/2003 - "On the basis of the results of catalepsy and amphetamine-induced stereotypy, the compounds demonstrated an inhibitory effect on dopaminergic behaviors. "
6.	Morphine (MS Contin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1983 - "Previous studies suggested that the nucleus accumbens (ACB) is relevant for mediating morphine-induced akinesia and catalepsy. " 01/01/1952 - "[Electromyographic study of morphine catalepsy in rat]." 12/08/2009 - "This was confirmed by augmented catalepsy after morphine (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) injection. " 03/01/2009 - "The nucleus accumbens and limbic basal ganglia circuitry are implicated in the expression of various morphine-induced motor behaviours and catalepsy. " 03/01/2009 - "Chronic intermittent morphine treatment can reduce catalepsy and increase locomotor behaviour and stereotypy induced by morphine, even after prolonged periods of abstinence. "
7.	Reserpine (Serpasil)FDA Link 08/01/2015 - "Experiment 1 (prevention) showed that Mg supplementation was able to prevent reserpine-induced OD and catalepsy development. " 05/16/2012 - "Here, we describe that repeated administration with a low dose (0.1 mg/kg) of reserpine in rats induces a gradual appearance of motor signs, evaluated by catalepsy behavior. " 05/01/2012 - "At the end of the treatment schedule, ANJ and TNJ significantly inhibited reserpine-induced VCM, TP, and catalepsy, and significantly increased the locomotion and rearing in the open-field test. " 05/01/2012 - "The effect on reserpine-induced catalepsy was also studied. " 01/01/2012 - "Results demonstrated that the MEMK significantly inhibited the reserpine-induced vacuous chewing movements (VCM), tongue protrusion (TP), orofacial burst (OB) and catalepsy. "
8.	RacloprideIBA 12/01/2010 - "We found that systemic injection of raclopride given before extinction impaired retrieval of extinction when rats were tested drug-free the next day but also induced catalepsy during extinction training. " 07/01/2000 - "Raclopride (2 mg/kg) produced on average 95% and 87% D2 receptor occupancy 1 and 2 h after administration, respectively, and maximum catalepsy. " 07/01/2000 - "Raclopride (0.5-2 mg/kg) produced 83-95% D2 occupancy and significant catalepsy. " 07/01/2000 - "Using [3H]-raclopride, cold raclopride (0.01-0.2 mg/kg) produced 16-77% D2 receptor occupancy and no catalepsy. " 03/01/2000 - "phasic responsivity, in mesocortically projecting DA neurons, and also potentiate the CAR suppressant effect of the selective D(2)/D(3)-receptor antagonist raclopride without increasing catalepsy scores. "
9.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 11/27/1992 - "Compound 16 not only failed to induce catalepsy in the rat but was quite effective in reversing the cataleptic effect of neuroleptic agents, thus indicating a low propensity for causing extrapyramidal side effects. " 11/26/2014 - "Exploitation of the original structure-activity relationships resulted in the identification of safe and effective antipsychotics devoid of extrapyramidal symptoms liability, sedation, and catalepsy. " 12/01/2012 - "Extrapyramidal symptoms such as catalepsy in animals are usually observed with conventional antipsychotic agents; but in the present study, Zn at doses of 15 and 20 mg/kg did not produce any cataleptic state in mice. " 08/01/2015 - "In contrast, TASP0315003 did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity or rotarod performance and did not induce catalepsy, indicating that TASP0315003 does not cause sedation or motor dysfunction, which is sometimes observed with the use of current antipsychotics. " 06/01/2014 - "Although the propensity of second-generation antipsychotics to produce catalepsy was lower, they all elicited pronounced sedation. "
10.	Dopamine Receptors (Dopamine Receptor)IBA 10/01/1993 - "The present study assesses the relationships among ED50 to neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and regional brain D1 and D2 dopamine receptor binding for eight inbred strains of mice (A, AKR, BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6, CBA, DBA/2 and LP). " 01/01/1988 - "1. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the grooming and catalepsy behaviors, believed to be mediated predominantly by the D1 and D2 dopamine receptor based mechanism(s), respectively, are altered in the Spontaneously Diabetic Wistar-BB Rat (SDR). " 04/03/1980 - "Because the electrolytic lesioning studies have unavoidably damaged both pre- and postsynaptic striatal dopamine receptors, it is not known whether these two receptors are separately involved in neuroleptic-induced catalepsy. " 04/03/1980 - "Previous lesion studies have shown that the dopamine receptors in the striatum are involved in this neuroleptic-induced catalepsy. " 09/01/2013 - "Catalepsy descent time was longest following combined dopamine receptor antagonism but was also significantly increased with selective D1 or D2 antagonism. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Analgesia 04/01/2012 - "Interestingly, M4 does not block agonist-mediated responses of other measures in the cannabinoid tetrad (e.g., locomotor suppression, catalepsy or analgesia). " 12/01/2009 - "Here, we describe a selective and efficacious dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor, JZL195, and show that this agent exhibits broad activity in the tetrad test for CB1 agonism, causing analgesia, hypomotilty, and catalepsy. " 08/12/2005 - "In the cannabinoid tetrad, AA-EG induced hypomotility, analgesia, catalepsy and decreased rectal temperature indicating cannabimimetic activity. " 09/01/2002 - "We report that SEA has the same effects as AEA on catalepsy, motility, analgesia, and body temperature of mice and that specific binding sites for SEA are present in mouse brain and are most abundant in cortex. " 11/01/1994 - "Analgesia from the periaqueductal gray or nucleus accumbens was accompanied by decreased locomotor activity and catalepsy, whereas analgesia from the posterior hypothalamic area or ventral tegmentum was accompanied by a noticeable increase in locomotor activity and rearing. "
2.	Injections 03/01/2009 - "The animals tested for locomotor activity and catalepsy for two weeks follow-up post-injections plus one week of drug withdrawal were decapitated to collect mPFC regions of rat brain for neurochemical analysis by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). " 09/01/2008 - "The drug injections, which modulated the audiogenic fit severity, induced the changes in catalepsy too. " 03/01/1995 - "Catalepsy was measured after the second through the seventh injections of the depot neuroleptic. " 10/20/1987 - "Microinjections of KA, 25 ng, into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) do not increase the muscle tone and lead to significantly less pronounced catalepsy relative to that observed following the injections of KA into the SNR. " 04/19/1985 - "Lesioned subjects receiving vehicle injections showed no catalepsy. "
3.	Oral Administration 01/01/2001 - "DHA-clozapine is a long-acting central depressant with powerful and prolonged antidopaminergic activity after oral administration or injection without inducing catalepsy, and it markedly reduced peripheral exposure to free clozapine. " 08/15/2010 - "A high-throughput screening campaign identified 4-((E)-styryl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamine (11) as a positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtype 4. An evaluation of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of 11 is described and the efficacy of this compound in a haloperidol-induced catalepsy rat model following oral administration is presented." 12/01/2008 - "Oral administration of Co Q10 in a low dose 200 mg/kg/day (group III) or a high dose 600 mg/kg/day (group IV), resulted in amelioration of the mitochondrial induced apoptosis by dose-dependent restoration of striatal complex I activity, ATP levels with temperate increase in expression of Bcl-2 as well as decrease in catalepsy score. " 11/01/1986 - "CM 30366 induced stereotyped behaviour and antagonized haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats, after parenteral and oral administration. " 12/01/2008 - "As a current replacement therapy, oral administration of levodopa 10 mg/kg/day (group V), caused symptomatic improvement in the form of reduction of catalepsy score with restoration of striatal dopamine levels, but it did not show any significant effects on either striatal complex I activity, ATP levels or the expression of Bcl-2, pointing to the lack of its disease-modifying role. "
4.	Hypnosis (Mesmerism) 10/01/1996 - "It was found that of the three tests of catalepsy currently in use, only one has the potential for being a test of hypnosis proper and can also justifiably be said to be "of catalepsy." This one test, however, has many serious weaknesses that need to be eliminated if it is to be truly useful." 01/01/2006 - "[Objective EEG correlates of deprivation in hypnosis-modulated catalepsy]." 10/01/1996 - "In light of this response, and considering both the scientific importance of being able to identify the presence of hypnosis and the fact that catalepsy may account for up to eight of the other indications of hypnosis in use, it is relevant to inquire into the reliability and validity of catalepsy tests. " 04/01/2008 - "The psychobiological dynamics of eating disorders have demonstrated significant hypnotic phenomena such as forms of dissociation, hallucination, time distortion and catalepsy, and therefore, pose hypnosis as a good fit for particular parts of treatment. " 09/29/1995 - "In an attempt to elucidate the physiological basis of hypnosis, we investigated the changes of whole-brain and regional cerebral glucose metabolism, from a state of resting wakefulness to a hypnotized state with whole-body catalepsy, using positron emission tomography and the 2[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose method in 15 highly hypnotizable adults. "
5.	Intraperitoneal Injections 01/01/1993 - "Intraperitoneal injections resulted in inhibition of conditioned avoidance reflexes and catalepsy. " 06/01/2005 - "The results indicate that intraperitoneal injection of Ipt (0.125 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg) partially alleviated haloperidol-induced catalepsy and hypolocomotion. " 05/01/1996 - "Catalepsy induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg) was consolidated and without additional influences and retained within 2 week (being tested on the 2nd, 7th, and 14th days after injection). " 05/01/1986 - "Intraperitoneal injection of 2 mmol/kg serine 24 hr after AIA administration was used as an animal model for an acute psychosis, by measuring catalepsy scores 30 min after serine injection. " 10/01/2011 - "An intraperitoneal injection of GK-2 (dipeptide mimetic of nerve growth factor, 0.01-5.00 mg/kg) 24 h before the adverse exposure reduced the severity of haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. "