Carbamates

Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of N-substituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR', (R' = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called URETHANE or urethan, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. (From IUPAC [Internet]. International Union Of Pure And Applied Chemistry; c1995 [updated 2004 Jan 9; cited 2004 May 3]. Available from http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/class/oneN.html#35/).

Networked: 172 relevant articles (7 outcomes, 12 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Bloomquist, Jeffrey R: 4 articles (03/2015 - 01/2012)
2.	Carlier, Paul R: 4 articles (03/2015 - 01/2012)
3.	Wong, Dawn M: 3 articles (03/2015 - 01/2012)
4.	Mutunga, James M: 3 articles (03/2015 - 01/2012)
5.	Li, Jianyong: 3 articles (03/2015 - 01/2012)
6.	Greig, Nigel H: 3 articles (06/2012 - 02/2005)
7.	Cravatt, Benjamin F: 2 articles (07/2015 - 09/2013)
8.	Cognetta, Armand B: 2 articles (07/2015 - 09/2013)
9.	Niphakis, Micah J: 2 articles (07/2015 - 09/2013)
10.	Tong, Fan: 2 articles (03/2015 - 01/2014)

Related Diseases

1.	Poisoning 01/01/1997 - "The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency and the kind of multiorgan damage in acute oral carbamates poisonings. " 12/05/2013 - "Accidental or intentional uptake of carbamates may result in typical signs and symptoms of cholinergic overstimulation which cannot be discriminated from those of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. " 08/01/2006 - "Enforcement of a new legislation addressing the availability of agricultural and horticultural pesticides for self-harm, especially carbamates and organophosphorus, is the most important strategy in the long term to prevent fatal pesticides poisoning in Jordan." 12/01/2001 - "Because HUP-A has been shown to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, is more stable than the carbamates used as pretreatments for organophosphate poisoning (OP) and the HUP-A:AChE complex has a longer half-life than other prophylactic sequestering agents, HUP-A has been proposed as a pretreatment drug for nerve agent toxicity by protecting AChE from irreversible OP-induced phosphonylation. " 01/01/1997 - "Multiorgan damage in acute oral carbamates poisonings."
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 07/01/1983 - "Endocardial tumors were induced in 18 rats treated with derivatives of carbamates and in 4 rats treated with derivatives of fluorenylacetamide. " 07/05/2010 - "Although all of the compounds are antiproliferative, surprisingly the carbamates (1 and 2) are more effective against the hormone-independent cell lines DU145 and PC3 than toward other cancer cell lines we examined. " 09/11/2010 - "Novel steroid carbamates reverse multidrug-resistance in cancer therapy and show linkage among efficacy, loci of drug action and P-glycoprotein's cellular localization." 11/01/1986 - "The alpha,beta- and alpha,beta'-bis(carbamates) 4a and 4c were evaluated against a panel of mouse tumor homografts and human tumor xenografts implanted under the kidney capsule of mice." 11/01/1986 - "Synthesis and antineoplastic activity of bis[[[(alkylamino)carbonyl]oxy]methyl]-substituted 3-pyrrolines as prodrugs of tumor inhibitory pyrrole bis(carbamates)."
3.	Pain (Aches) 03/25/2013 - "In this report we assessed 34 synthesized and commercial carbamates for their selectivity to inhibit the AChEs found in carbamate-susceptible (G3) and carbamate-resistant (Akron) An. gambiae, relative to human AChE. " 01/01/2014 - "papatasi acetylcholinesterase (PpAChE1) revealed 85% amino acid sequence identity to mosquito AChE and identified synthetic carbamates that effectively inhibited PpAChE1 with improved specificity for arthropod AChEs compared to mammalian AChEs. " 03/01/2003 - "In addition, approaches to purify recombinant AChEs to a degree that is suitable for analytical applications will be elucidated as well as the various attempts that have been undertaken to increase the sensitivity of AChE to specified organophosphates and carbamates using side-directed mutagenesis and employing the enzyme in different assay formats." 02/01/2002 - "Both strains were homozygous in this gene, and we used eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between them to distinguish the parental sequences in the backcrossed progeny, two of which resulted in the amino acid substitiutions common to the Drosophila and Aedes AChEs insensitive to organophosphates and carbamates. "
4.	Body Weight (Weight, Body) 09/01/1982 - "Effects of carbamates on bobwhite food intake, body weight, and locomotor activity." 12/01/2005 - "The new acetamides and imide showed potent cell growth inhibition against four clones of Plasmodium falciparum (D-6, RCS, W-2, and TM91C235), with a 50% inhibitory concentration of approximately 0.01 ng/ml, and were highly active against Plasmodium berghei, with 100% cure at doses from <0.1 mg/kg of body weight to 220 mg/kg. The carbamates and alkyl derivatives, however, showed weak activity against Plasmodium falciparum cell growth but were highly efficacious in tests against P. "
5.	Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) 01/01/1999 - "cruzi and in experimental Chagas disease (murine model): alkyllysophospholipids; 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxamides; bisbenzyl-isoquinolines; cruzipain (crucein) inhibitors; Gossipol; phenothiazines; d) drugs effective in vitro without other reported effects, acridines, actinomycin D, Crystal Violet (gentian violet), diterpenes (Mikania obtusata); N,N'-dimethyl-2-propen-1-amine, epoxidienthiol carbamates, Fe-chelators, guanyl hydrazones, o-naphthoquinones (beta-lapachone); quinoids (miconidine; tingenone); Olivacine, phenazine methosulfate, phenoxi-phenoxyl drugs, Proadifen, pyridinium azolate betaines, sesquiterpenes (Lychophora sp), sesquiterpene lactones, tetrahydrocarbazoles, DL-alpha-trifluoromethylarginine, triphenylmetane dyes. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Atropine (Hyoscyamine)
2.	Phosphoric Acid Esters (Organophosphates)
3.	Acetylcholinesterase
4.	Cholinesterases (Cholinesterase)
5.	Isoflurophate (DFP)
6.	Butyrylcholinesterase
7.	pralidoxime (Protopam Chloride)
8.	Phenothiazines
9.	imidazole
10.	Sesquiterpenes

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
2.	Length of Stay
3.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)
4.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft)
5.	Therapeutics