Bungarotoxins (alpha-Bungarotoxin)

Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.

Also Known As:

Networked: 196 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 14 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Johnson, M: 3 articles (12/2001 - 03/2000)
2.	Perry, E: 3 articles (07/2001 - 03/2000)
3.	Piggott, M: 3 articles (07/2001 - 03/2000)
4.	Court, J: 3 articles (07/2001 - 03/2000)
5.	Grassi, Francesca: 2 articles (10/2008 - 02/2003)
6.	Jaros, E: 2 articles (12/2001 - 03/2000)
7.	Perry, R: 2 articles (07/2001 - 03/2000)
8.	Martin-Ruiz, C: 2 articles (02/2001 - 03/2000)
9.	Griffiths, M: 2 articles (02/2001 - 03/2000)
10.	Weininger, Susan: 1 article (01/2015)

Related Diseases

1.	Myasthenia Gravis 11/01/1982 - "alpha-Bungarotoxin displacing antibody in myasthenia gravis." 04/01/1993 - "The efficacy of ephedrine was tested in rats with a alpha-bungarotoxin-induced model of myasthenia gravis. " 06/01/1989 - "Search for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on human leukocytes: absence of alpha-bungarotoxin binding in studies of healthy individuals and myasthenia gravis patients." 06/01/2005 - "Contribution of a snake venom toxin to myasthenia gravis: the discovery of alpha-bungarotoxin in Taiwan." 01/01/1999 - "To this end we studied acetylcholinesterase activity in junctional and extrajunctional regions of dilator naris, extensor digitorum longus, and hemidiaphragm muscles from rats with alpha-bungarotoxin-induced myasthenia gravis. "
2.	Poisoning 05/01/1996 - "Protection against alpha-bungarotoxin poisoning by immunization with synthetic toxin peptides." 02/01/1977 - "Neither acute denervation nor acute poisoning with botulinum toxin altered the number or distribution of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites. " 09/01/1981 - "In conformity with equations derived from a simple mathematical model, the apparent potency of (+)-tubocurarine (dTC) to depress the peak height of miniature end-plate currents (MEPCs) in mouse diaphragm was substantially reduced by poisoning of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and increased by partial blockade of receptors by immunoglobulin G from patients with myasthenia gravis or alpha-bungarotoxin. "
3.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma) 12/22/1993 - "In a second approach, we have determined the capability of three toxic or metabolic injuries to induce LNGFR expression without any direct trauma of the nerve (experimental diabetogenesis, botulinum and alpha-bungarotoxin intoxication and 2,5-hexanedione intoxication). " 01/01/2006 - "Mecamylamine and kappa-bungarotoxin inhibited both the cell-migration speed and the nicotine-induced intracellular calcium increase in wound-repairing migrating cells in vitro. " 01/01/2006 - "Wound repair was improved in the presence of nAChR agonists, nicotine, and acetylcholine, and delayed in the presence of alpha3beta2 neuronal nAChR antagonists, mecamylamine, alpha-conotoxin MII, and kappa-bungarotoxin; alpha-bungarotoxin, an antagonist of alpha7-nAChR, had no effect. "
4.	Ganglion Cysts (Ganglion) 02/01/1985 - "Localization of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites in the ciliary ganglion of the embryonic chick: an autoradiographic study at the light and electron microscopic level." 02/01/2003 - "Chick ciliary ganglion neurons express two major nAChR types: those recognized by alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBgt), nearly all of which contain only alpha7 subunits (alpha7-nAChRs) and those insensitive to alphaBgt, which contain alpha3, alpha5, beta4, and, in some cases, beta2 subunits (alpha3*-nAChRs). " 07/01/2001 - "The regulation of alpha-bungarotoxin-resistant nAChRs was studied on dissociated adult dorsal unpaired median neurons isolated from the terminal abdominal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, using whole-cell, patch-clamp technique. " 07/01/2000 - "Perfusion of the ganglion with alpha-bungarotoxin (1 micrometer, which blocks alpha7 receptors) caused a reduction in SCL response by approximately 30% compared with baseline when perfused on its own and when added after blockade with MII and AuIB. " 05/15/1999 - "Selective blockade of alpha7-containing receptors by perfusing the ganglion with alpha-bungarotoxin induced failures in synaptic transmission. "
5.	Paralysis (Palsy) 08/01/2003 - "When applied in a concentration (0.3 microM) above that producing tetanic paralysis, alpha-bungarotoxin failed to affect [(3)H]-ACh release. " 05/01/1997 - "Reflex urethral smooth muscle activity mediated by an increase in urethral pressure after paralysis of the EUS with alpha-bungarotoxin occurred in normal and chronic spinal rats. " 11/01/1994 - "Short-term paralysis with alpha-bungarotoxin prevents this increase in motor unit territory. " 12/01/1979 - "Effects of chronic paralysis with alpha-bungarotoxin on development of innervation." 10/08/1999 - "Following intraperitoneal injection (12 ng/g) of beta-bungarotoxin in mice, the time to paralysis (loss a limb withdrawal reflex, 21. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Bungarotoxins (alpha-Bungarotoxin)
2.	Acetylcholine (Acetylcholine Chloride)
3.	Nicotine
4.	Mecamylamine
5.	Peptides
6.	Ephedrine
7.	alpha-conotoxin MII
8.	Nicotinic Receptors (Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor)
9.	Cholinergic Receptors
10.	Antibodies

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Denervation
2.	Intraperitoneal Injections
3.	Axotomy
4.	Vagotomy
5.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)