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Bronchiolitis Obliterans

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Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.

Also Known As:

Constrictive Bronchiolitis; Exudative Bronchiolitis; Proliferative Bronchiolitis; Bronchiolitides, Constrictive; Bronchiolitides, Exudative; Bronchiolitides, Proliferative; Bronchiolitis, Constrictive; Constrictive Bronchiolitides; Exudative Bronchiolitides; Proliferative Bronchiolitides; Bronchiolitis, Exudative; Bronchiolitis, Proliferative

Networked: 1395 relevant articles (50 outcomes, 92 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Respiratory Tract Diseases: 445
- Lung Diseases: 12525
  - Obstructive Lung Diseases: 1206
    - Bronchitis: 2792
      - Bronchiolitis: 2040
        Bronchiolitis Obliterans: 1395
        Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia: 375
- Bronchial Diseases: 122
  - Bronchitis: 2792
    - Bronchiolitis: 2040
      - Bronchiolitis Obliterans: 1395
        Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia: 375

Related Diseases

1.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
2.	Infection
3.	Graft vs Host Disease (Graft-Versus-Host Disease)
4.	Bronchiolitis Obliterans
5.	Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)

Experts

1.	Verleden, Geert M: 32 articles (11/2015 - 11/2003)
2.	Palmer, Scott M: 30 articles (10/2014 - 09/2002)
3.	Vanaudenaerde, Bart M: 23 articles (11/2015 - 11/2003)
4.	Mohanakumar, T: 23 articles (07/2015 - 01/2000)
5.	Gottlieb, Jens: 22 articles (12/2015 - 12/2005)
6.	Van Raemdonck, Dirk E: 22 articles (11/2015 - 11/2003)
7.	Patterson, G Alexander: 22 articles (11/2012 - 09/2002)
8.	Welte, Tobias: 21 articles (12/2015 - 12/2005)
9.	Date, Hiroshi: 21 articles (03/2015 - 02/2002)
10.	Vos, Robin: 20 articles (11/2015 - 08/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Bronchiolitis Obliterans:

1.	Azithromycin (Zithromax)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2012 - "Azithromycin is protective against the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and reduces mortality in LTRs. " 03/01/2007 - "[Azithromycin as a novel treatment for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome]." 12/01/2011 - "Effects of azithromycin in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic SCT--a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study." 04/01/2015 - "Effects of azithromycin and tanomastat on experimental bronchiolitis obliterans." 02/01/2014 - "To evaluate the utility of home spirometry (HS) versus office spirometry (OS) in assessing treatment response to azithromycin in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). "
2.	rituximab (Mabthera)FDA Link 01/15/2002 - "Treatment with Rituximab resulted in a complete remission in all patients without signs of or progression of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. " 08/01/2011 - "Rituximab in bronchiolitis obliterans after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation." 12/01/2006 - "We describe a case of an NHL patient who received rituximab and developed symptomatic, biopsy-proven multinodular bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP). " 12/01/2006 - "Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia after rituximab therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma." 01/01/2015 - "Rituximab Monotherapy and Rituximab-Containing Chemotherapy Were Effective for Paraneoplastic Pemphigus Accompanying Follicular Lymphoma, but not for Subsequent Bronchiolitis Obliterans."
3.	Mustard Gas (Sulfur Mustard)IBA 04/01/2013 - "Biopsy-confirmed case series of constrictive bronchiolitis from US soldiers, Iranian survivors of sulfur mustard gassing, hospital-based studies, and flavoring-related cases document that indolent constrictive bronchiolitis cases can have normal spirometry or either restrictive or obstructive abnormalities. " 06/01/2008 - "Recent studies have shown strong evidence that bronchiolitis obliterans is the major long-term sequelae of exposure to sulfur mustard (SM). " 11/01/2012 - "Clinical and paraclinical guidelines for management of sulfur mustard induced bronchiolitis obliterans; from bench to bedside." 08/01/2012 - "Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is the main pulmonary involvement resulting from sulfur mustard (SM) gas exposure that was used against Iranian civilians and military forces during the Iran-Iraq war. " 04/01/2010 - "Previous pathological investigations have reported bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) as the major long-term sequela of exposure to sulfur mustard. "
4.	Tacrolimus (Prograf)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2009 - "Pooled analysis showed a trend toward a lower risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) among tacrolimus-treated patients, although it did not reach significances (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.25-1.12; P = .10). " 01/01/2003 - "Time-related changes in pulmonary function after conversion to tacrolimus in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome." 12/01/2000 - "Our results show that tacrolimus conversion slows the decline of lung function in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. " 09/01/1997 - "Tacrolimus as rescue therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome." 08/01/2002 - "Tacrolimus for treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after unilateral and bilateral lung transplantation."
5.	mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1998 - "Prospective randomized trials with low beta error (level I evidence) should be performed to assess the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil vis-à-vis acute allograft rejection and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome." 04/15/2006 - "There are no data on the effects of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on the incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) in lung-transplant patients. " 08/15/1997 - "Salvage therapy with mycophenolate mofetil for lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans: importance of dosage." 10/01/2010 - "Mycophenolate mofetil reduces alveolar inflammation, acute rejection and graft loss due to bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation." 06/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as first line immunosuppression on long-term survival and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS). "
6.	MacrolidesIBA 11/01/2015 - "There was also no positive action of macrolides in patients with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. " 05/15/2014 - "Lower levels of evidence indicate that chronic macrolides are also effective in treating patients with panbronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and rejection after lung transplant. " 07/01/2009 - "Macrolides in the treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans in allograft recipients." 11/01/2010 - "These observations provided the rationale for many studies performed over the last decade to assess the usefulness of macrolides in other inflammatory airways diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, COPD, and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. " 05/01/2012 - "A search of electronic journal articles was performed using combinations of the following keywords: macrolides, COPD, asthma, bronchitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, cystic fibrosis, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory effect, diabetes, side effects and systemic diseases. "
7.	Interleukin-8 (Interleukin 8)IBA 05/01/2004 - "The bronchiolitis obliterans group showed marked neutrophilia, high IL-8 and higher CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD8(+)CD45(+) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels when compared with their stable controls. " 03/01/2013 - "TNFα, IL-1β and IL-8 are elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage from lung transplant patients prior to diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. " 05/01/2004 - "The marked neutrophilia, high IL-8 cytokine level and more activated lymphocyte population in bronchiolitis obliterans may indicate ongoing local allograft rejection. " 09/01/2001 - "It has been shown that the increased numbers of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after lung transplantation are associated with elevated levels of interleukin-8, the predominant neutrophil chemotactic factor in the lung. " 07/27/2000 - "On interleukin-8, neutrophil activation, and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplantation."
8.	Ganciclovir (Cytovene)FDA LinkGeneric 01/27/1999 - "Moreover, ganciclovir prophylaxis seems likely to reduce the incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. " 11/15/1999 - "Ganciclovir-resistant patients had a shorter survival and an earlier onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome compared with patients in the transplant database at Washington University. " 05/27/2006 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined prophylaxis using ganciclovir (GAN) and CMV hyperimmune globulin (CMV-IG) on CMV infection, CMV disease, survival and its role in preventing Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). " 06/15/2010 - "More recently, in the era of routine prophylaxis and ganciclovir treatment, the adverse impact of treated cytomegalovirus pneumonitis on bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome has been challenged. " 08/01/2008 - "Universal ganciclovir (GCV) prophylaxis is a strategy aimed at reducing cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and delaying the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). "
9.	Clarithromycin (Biaxin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "Clarithromycin for prevention of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung allograft recipients." 12/01/2009 - "The macrolide clarithromycin inhibits experimental post-transplant bronchiolitis obliterans." 11/01/1996 - "[Bronchiolitis obliterans preceding rheumatoid arthritis: effect of clarithromycin]." 11/01/2004 - "In this study of concomitant administration of clarithromycin and acetylcysteine for the treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans in SM-exposed patients, symptoms and pulmonary function were improved. " 11/01/2004 - "This study was carried out to determine the efficacy of concomitant administration of the macrolide clarithromycin and the mucolytic agent acetylcysteine in the treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans in SM-exposed patients. "
10.	Chemokine CCL5IBA 05/01/2006 - "The aim of this study was to compare BAL and IS differential cellular counts as well as IL-8 and RANTES levels between patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), recipients with good outcome and well-preserved lung function (non-BOS) and non-transplanted controls. " 07/01/2002 - "Serial bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from 13 stable healthy recipients and 8 patients who developed bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) were analyzed longitudinally for concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8), chemokines regulated-upon-activation and normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lung Transplantation 10/01/2014 - "Likewise, in lung transplantation, oversized donor lungs have been linked to higher expiratory airflows, lower risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, and improved survival. " 04/01/2010 - "Lung transplantation frequently offers a major improvement in quality of life; however, long-term survival is often limited by the development of the bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, which is the equivalent of a chronic pulmonary graft rejection. " 01/27/2012 - "Genetic polymorphisms and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation: promising results and recommendations for the future." 03/01/2002 - "No current evidence demonstrates improved survival or decreased rate of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) despite regularly scheduled fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) with transbronchial biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage (TBB/BAL) after lung transplantation. " 04/01/2012 - "Lung transplantation in the fischer 344-wistar kyoto strain combination is a relevant experimental model to study the development of bronchiolitis obliterans in the rat."
2.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 04/01/2001 - "This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in predicting the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) in lung transplant recipients. " 09/01/2015 - "Metalloproteinase Profiling in Lung Transplant Recipients With Good Outcome and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome." 09/01/2004 - "Hence, improvement in outcome for these children will be dependent on developing methods to produce better tolerance, understanding the mechanisms/treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans and multi-centre studies that focus on the problems that primarily affect the paediatric lung transplant recipient." 01/01/2011 - "Survival rates for lung transplant recipients have improved; however, the major obstacle limiting better survival is bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). " 05/01/1989 - "Efficacy of transbronchial lung biopsy in the diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans in heart-lung transplant recipients."
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 05/01/2014 - "This study demonstrates that treatment with PMSCs is protective against the development of bronchiolitis obliterans in an heterotopic tracheal transplant model. " 05/01/2014 - "This study investigates the hypothesis that treatment with PMSCs reduces the development of bronchiolitis obliterans in a murine heterotopic tracheal transplant model. " 01/27/2013 - "The objective of this study was to investigate the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and graft loss after LTX in relation to the presence of respiratory viruses during the first year after LTX. " 02/01/2009 - "For example, in lung transplant patients, a molecular marker of aspiration was a risk factor for the bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in one study. " 01/01/2009 - "The study of small airway diseases such as post-transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is hampered by the difficulty in assessing peripheral airway function either physiologically or directly. "
4.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft) 01/01/2010 - "Protection against bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome is associated with allograft CCR7+ CD45RA- T regulatory cells." 06/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the alveolar alarmin profiles in CLAD subtypes, restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS) and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). " 12/01/2013 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cytokine expression levels in pre-implanted donor lungs and the posttransplant development of CLAD and its subtypes, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). " 05/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to assess the evidence for histological bronchiolitis obliterans in lung allografts removed during retransplantation for severe recurrent airway narrowing. " 12/01/2005 - "The present study, performed in a murine model, examined whether simultaneous administration of donor bone marrow cells after reduced intensity conditioning allows acceptance of heterotopic tracheal allografts and prevents the formation of the airway fibroproliferative lesion, which mimics bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). "
5.	Photopheresis 03/01/2011 - "Extracorporeal photopheresis in patients with refractory bronchiolitis obliterans developing after allo-SCT." 01/01/2007 - "Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) has been proposed as a possible alternative therapy for patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), with some evidence of efficacy. " 04/01/2010 - "The efficacy of photopheresis for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation." 09/01/2012 - "A prospective interventional study on the use of extracorporeal photopheresis in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation." 04/01/2015 - "Lung transplantation and extracorporeal photopheresis: The answer to bronchiolitis obliterans?"