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Brain Diseases (Brain Disorder)

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Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

Also Known As:

Brain Disorder; Brain Disease; Brain Disorders; CNS Disorders, Intracranial; Central Nervous System Disorders, Intracranial; Central Nervous System Intracranial Disorders; Encephalon Diseases; Intracranial CNS Disorders; Pathology, Brain; CNS Disorder, Intracranial; Encephalon Disease; Intracranial CNS Disorder; Brain Pathology; Intracranial Central Nervous System Disorders

Networked: 2114 relevant articles (58 outcomes, 188 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 6158
- Central Nervous System Diseases: 1649
  - Brain Diseases: 2114

Related Diseases

1.	Alzheimer Disease (Alzheimer's Disease)
2.	Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)
3.	Anoxia (Hypoxia)
4.	Neurodegenerative Diseases (Neurodegenerative Disease)
5.	Ischemia

Experts

1.	Sharma, Hari Shanker: 14 articles (10/2015 - 01/2007)
2.	Sharma, Aruna: 12 articles (10/2015 - 01/2009)
3.	Muresanu, Dafin F: 9 articles (10/2015 - 12/2007)
4.	Minghetti, Luisa: 8 articles (10/2011 - 09/2004)
5.	Boado, Ruben J: 8 articles (07/2011 - 09/2007)
6.	Patnaik, Ranjana: 7 articles (10/2015 - 01/2009)
7.	Sharma, Hari S: 7 articles (10/2015 - 01/2006)
8.	Hui, Eric Ka-Wai: 7 articles (07/2011 - 02/2010)
9.	Pardridge, William M: 7 articles (07/2011 - 02/2010)
10.	Lu, Jeff Zhiqiang: 7 articles (07/2011 - 02/2010)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Brain Diseases:

1.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 10/01/2009 - "Proteomics for brain disorders--the promise for biomarkers." 08/01/2015 - "Overall, task modulation of FCV may represent an important direction for future studies, not only to provide insight into normal brain functioning but also to reveal potential biomarkers of various brain disorders." 07/01/2015 - "Witnessed by recent studies, functional connectivity is a useful concept in extracting brain network features and finding biomarkers for brain disease diagnosis. " 02/01/2015 - "Summit outputs include the following action plans, aligned to the pressure points within the brain research-drug development value chain: Code of conduct dealing with conflict of interest issues, Prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment, Linking science and regulation, Patient involvement in trial design, definition of endpoints, etc., Novel trial design, Reproduction and confirmation of data, Update of intellectual property (IP) laws to facilitate repurposing and combination therapy (low priority), Large-scale, global patient registries, Editorials on nomenclature, biomarkers, and diagnostic tools, and Public awareness, with brain disease advocates to attend G8 meetings and World Economic Forum (WEF) Annual meetings in Davos, Switzerland. " 01/01/2015 - "We hope that as biomarkers of exposures and processes leading to brain damage in the most immature newborns become more readily available, those who apply a systems approach to the study of neuroscience can be persuaded to study the pathogenesis of brain disorders in the very preterm newborn."
2.	Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)IBA 01/01/2015 - "Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) has attracted increasing interest as potential biomarker to support the diagnosis or monitor the efficacy of therapies in brain disorders. " 08/01/2013 - "Based on these studies, this review puts forward the hypothesis that abnormalities in proBDNF or mBDNF biosynthesis may correspond to different cognitive dysfunctions in these brain diseases, while the role of truncated BDNF remains unknown. " 01/01/2010 - "This study demonstrates that cyclotraxin-B might not only be a powerful tool to investigate the role of BDNF and TrkB in physiology and pathology, but also represents a lead compound for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat brain disorders." 03/18/2015 - "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that regulates synaptic function and plasticity and plays important roles in neuronal development, survival, and brain disorders. " 06/03/2013 - "There is evidence to suggest that decreased BDNF expression or function is related to the pathophysiology of brain diseases including psychiatric disorders. "
3.	AntioxidantsIBA 01/01/2014 - "Antioxidants may be beneficial in brain diseases in which oxidative stress can be assumed. " 01/01/2007 - "Our result suggests that the normal brain ageing is associated with the decrease in antioxidative defense status and the supplementation of thiol antioxidants like NAC may prove helpful in managing the age related brain disorders characterized by compromised antioxidative defense systems." 01/01/2011 - "Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that long-term dietary supplementation with antioxidants and mitochondrial cofactors (AOX) or behavioral enrichment with social, cognitive, and exercise components (ENR), can effectively improve cognitive performance and reduce brain pathology of aged canines, including oxidative damage and Aβ accumulation. " 01/01/2012 - "Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants as promising drugs for treatment of age-related brain diseases." 07/01/1995 - "[The effect of antioxidants on functional brain disorders caused by low-intensity ionizing radiation]."
4.	polyphenolsIBA 10/01/2012 - "Novel role of red wine-derived polyphenols in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease dementia and brain pathology: experimental approaches and clinical implications." 01/01/2014 - "Flavonoids and polyphenols are heterocyclic molecules that have been associated with beneficial effects on human health, such as reducing the risk of various diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and brain diseases. " 03/01/2008 - "There is a current interest in dietary compounds, such as green tea polyphenols, that can favor protection against a variety of brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, and stroke. " 09/01/2006 - "Brain diseases during aging can also be due to failure for protective mechanism, due to dietary deficiencies, for instance in anti-oxidants and nutrients (trace elements, vitamins, non essential micronutrients such as polyphenols) related with protection against free radicals. "
5.	Opioid Receptors (Opioid Receptor)IBA 04/01/2010 - "Targeting opioid receptors: A new treatment for brain disorders." 10/01/2014 - "Naloxone is a highly effective nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, and has been reported to be pharmacologically beneficial for the treatment of brain diseases through inhibiting microglia activation. " 01/01/2007 - "Interaction between amino acid neurotransmitters and opioid receptors in hyperthermia-induced brain pathology."
6.	Amyloid (Amyloid Fibrils)IBA 12/01/2009 - "Here we provide further characterization of a genomic-based, amyloid precursor protein yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mouse model of AD, R1.40, that makes few assumptions regarding disease pathogenesis to study the relationship between brain pathology and altered behavior. " 10/01/2009 - "The present studies tested how TD alters brain pathology in Tg19959 transgenic mice over expressing a double mutant form of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). " 05/15/2007 - "In the first human autopsy study examining the impact of ChEI treatment on brain pathology, we compared treated patients with DLB with matched untreated patients for cortical beta-amyloid (Abeta) and tau pathologies. " 12/08/2015 - "Amyloid fibrils activate B-1a lymphocytes to ameliorate inflammatory brain disease." 12/01/2015 - "In non-demented individuals, vulnerability to PSI was highly associated with total and regional beta-amyloid load and may be an early cognitive marker of brain pathology."
7.	Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)FDA Link 03/01/1996 - "Recent studies on ischemic brain disease in vivo and glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro suggest that apoptosis may play a role in excitotoxic neuronal death. " 06/01/2015 - "sinensis might be a useful therapeutic agent for brain disorder associated with glutamate injury. " 05/01/2015 - "The excessive release of glutamate is a critical element in the neuropathology of acute and chronic brain disorders. " 01/15/2015 - "There is growing interest in characterizing spatial distribution of glutamate (Glu) in brain disorders. " 10/01/2014 - "The excitotoxicity caused by excessive glutamate is a critical element in the neuropathology of acute and chronic brain disorders. "
8.	PPAR gammaIBA 01/01/2008 - "In the recent years, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), a well known target for type II diabetes treatment, has received an increasing attention for its therapeutic potential in inflammatory and degenerative brain disorders. " 05/13/2009 - "We and others have reported recently that drugs which activate PPARgamma are effective in reducing damage to brain in distinct models of brain disease, including ischemia. " 01/01/2008 - "The anti-inflammatory capacity of PPAR-gamma agonists has led to the hypothesis that PPAR-gamma might be targeted to modulate degenerative brain diseases in which inflammation has been increasingly recognized as a significant component. " 01/01/2006 - "Although most of the evidence comes from in vitro observations, an increasing number of studies in animal models further supports the potential therapeutic use of PPAR-gamma agonists in human brain diseases including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease." 11/01/2015 - "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a crucial transcription factor for neuroprotection in several brain diseases. "
9.	Protons (Proton)IBA 01/01/2011 - "Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of Proton-MR Spectroscopy for the differentiation of cranial masses from non-neoplastic brain disorders. " 05/01/1999 - "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has become an important tool to study in vivo certain biochemical aspects of brain disorders. " 06/01/2010 - "Diagnostic value of proton MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted MR imaging in childhood inherited neurometabolic brain diseases and review of the literature." 08/05/2005 - "In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides a noninvasive method of examining a wide variety of cerebral metabolites in both healthy subjects and patients with various brain diseases. " 11/01/2003 - "Our results obtained from the use of proton MR spectroscopy to perform cerebral evaluation on a cellular level were examined by evaluation of the ischemic penumbra of an ischemic brain disease, and were considered to be useful."
10.	PeptidesIBA 10/01/2011 - "In the present review we have focused our attention on the peptide controlled delivery, summarizing literature reports on the use of peptides and nanotechnology for the treatment and diagnosis of brain disorders." 05/01/2011 - "Chromogranin peptides in brain diseases." 10/13/2010 - "Both peptides are highly expressed in the midbrain non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW), a center implicated in the regulation of stress adaptation and in the pathogenesis of stress-induced brain disorders, in a sex-specific manner. " 05/19/2010 - "Many peptides with the potential of therapeutic action for brain disorders are not in clinical use because they are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following peripheral administration. " 02/01/2008 - "In summary, the combined use of peptides and nanotechnology offers tremendous hope in the treatment of brain disorders."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Enzyme Replacement Therapy 05/01/2012 - "Prevention of the immune response to enzyme may improve the efficacy of intrathecal enzyme replacement therapy for brain disease due to MPS I." 05/01/2007 - "Intrathecal enzyme replacement therapy: successful treatment of brain disease via the cerebrospinal fluid." 12/09/2010 - "The available treatments, enzyme-replacement therapy and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, can ameliorate most disease manifestations, but their outcome on skeletal and brain disease could be further improved. "
2.	Therapeutics 11/30/2011 - "These examples illustrate two strategies in which an understanding of the interactions among the BBB, CNS targets, and candidate therapeutics under physiologic and diseased conditions can be used to develop drugs effective for the treatment of brain disease." 03/01/2012 - "In vitro cell culture models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are important tools used to study cellular physiology and brain disease therapeutics. " 03/01/2015 - "However, it also limits the distribution of systemically administered therapeutics to the brain; therefore, there is a restricted number of drugs available for the treatment of brain disorders. " 01/01/2015 - "Further, it is anticipated that intranasal delivery approach will have a very important role to play in the future for the translation of siRNAs therapeutics from bench to bedside for different brain diseases. " 04/01/2014 - "Development of therapeutics for brain disorders is one of the more difficult challenges to be overcome by the scientific community due to the inability of most molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). "
3.	Institutionalization (Institutionalized Persons) 07/01/2003 - "Home care versus institutionalization: family caregiving and senile brain disease. " 01/01/1983 - "Homecare versus institutionalization: family caregiving and senile brain disease." 09/01/1981 - "The authors suggest that progress in this fascinating and potentially fruitful area will be improved by: a) more critical evaluation of the current literature with regard to its contradictions and to the techniques and theories utilized; b) systematic study of carefully diagnosed, large groups of patients; c) concurrent attempts to identify and carefully assess unusual patients; d) control of laterality measures for drug effects, institutionalization, and such cognitive and affective states as anxiety, depression, paranoia, and psychosis; and e) validation of the localizing value of neuropsychological tests in psychiatric patients by the study of previously diagnosed psychiatric patients with acquired focal brain disease." 12/26/2000 - "The presence of environmental or other brain disorders sufficient to produce dementia appears to affect physical survival in patients with AD, but not functional and cognitive decline or institutionalization." 06/01/1989 - "Patients were excluded from this study if they had clinical brain diseases (including Wernicke's disease), died in coma, or had liver disease, significant brain atrophy, or dementia severe enough to require institutionalization. "
4.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2013 - "However, the transplantation of fetal cells has not progressed to viable best practice treatment for any brain disorder. " 11/01/2008 - "Together, these findings suggest potential benefits of bHLH gene manipulation to develop successful transplantation strategies for brain disorders." 04/01/2006 - "These results may assist neuropsychiatric drug evaluation and development and the transplantation of integrated brain regions to correct brain disease or injury." 06/24/2005 - "These findings suggest that BM-MSC transplantation may have potential for a therapeutic role in the treatment of NP-C and other neurodegenerative brain disorders." 01/01/2002 - "Transplantation of ex vivo gene-corrected autologous cells represents an attractive therapeutic approach for brain diseases. "
5.	Immunotherapy 06/10/2002 - "Thus, lentivectors, in addition to their promise for gene therapy of brain disorders might also be suitable for immunotherapy." 08/22/2007 - "Immunotherapy targeting pathological tau conformers in a tangle mouse model reduces brain pathology with associated functional improvements." 01/01/1997 - "Immunotherapy for brain diseases and mental illnesses." 01/01/2012 - "In mouse models, retinal Aβ plaques accumulate with age and decrease in response to immunotherapy, consistent with brain pathology. "