Chronic Brain Damage

A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.

Also Known As:

Networked: 88 relevant articles (4 outcomes, 10 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Liver Cirrhosis (Hepatic Cirrhosis)
2.	Fatigue
3.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
4.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
5.	Retinopathy of Prematurity (Retrolental Fibroplasia)

Experts

1.	Fluge, Øystein: 4 articles (01/2019 - 01/2016)
2.	Mella, Olav: 3 articles (01/2019 - 01/2016)
3.	Risa, Kristin: 3 articles (01/2019 - 01/2016)
4.	Sørland, Kari: 3 articles (01/2019 - 12/2016)
5.	Khalin, Igor: 2 articles (01/2021 - 01/2021)
6.	Plesnila, Nikolaus: 2 articles (01/2021 - 01/2021)
7.	Alme, Kine: 2 articles (01/2019 - 12/2016)
8.	Rekeland, Ingrid G: 2 articles (01/2019 - 12/2016)
9.	Bruland, Ove: 2 articles (12/2016 - 01/2016)
10.	Dahl, Olav: 2 articles (12/2016 - 01/2016)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Chronic Brain Damage:

1.	Branched-Chain Amino AcidsIBA 10/01/1982 - "The therapeutic efficacy of orally administered branched-chain amino acids in patients with liver cirrhosis and chronic encephalopathy was examined in a double blind, randomised crossover study. " 03/01/1996 - "Based on the results of the two largest, long-term studies, the use of oral branched-chain amino acids in the prevention and treatment of chronic encephalopathy may only be proposed for patients with advanced cirrhosis, intolerant to alimentary proteins. " 05/01/2004 - "Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is associated with increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), their keto acids (BCKA), and acute or chronic encephalopathy. " 07/01/1990 - "The supplementation of oral branched-chain amino acids to the diet is superior to casein as a treatment for providing adequate nitrogen supply and improving the mental state of cirrhotic patients with chronic encephalopathy."
2.	Lactulose (Duphalac)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1997 - "Therapeutic trials suggest that lactulose is an effective treatment of acute and chronic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. " 05/01/1983 - "In two patients, shunt revision was undertaken electively for chronic encephalopathy, which had been unresponsive to low-protein diet, intestinal antibiosis and oral lactulose. " 05/01/1993 - "Clinical effectiveness of lactitol, in long-term treatment of chronic encephalopathy, is similar to those of lactulose. " 05/01/1993 - "The data prove that a mainly vegetable protein diet is worthwhile in cirrhotic patients with chronic encephalopathy under optimum lactulose therapy. "
3.	TolueneIBA 11/01/1988 - "There was a significantly greater prevalence of mild chronic encephalopathy and organic affective syndrome in the toluene-exposed group." 07/01/1989 - "4. Chronic encephalopathy and dementia are the most serious consequence of solvent exposure, particularly to toluene in abusers and to mixed solvents in industrial workers. "
4.	NitrogenIBA 07/01/1990 - "The supplementation of oral branched-chain amino acids to the diet is superior to casein as a treatment for providing adequate nitrogen supply and improving the mental state of cirrhotic patients with chronic encephalopathy."
5.	Caseins (Casein)FDA Link 07/01/1990 - "The supplementation of oral branched-chain amino acids to the diet is superior to casein as a treatment for providing adequate nitrogen supply and improving the mental state of cirrhotic patients with chronic encephalopathy."
6.	SolventsIBA 01/01/1980 - "The main purpose of this study was to further investigate the risk of chronic brain damage in solvent exposed workers. " 05/01/2005 - "We, therefore, studied the effects of long-term occupational solvent exposure and chronic encephalopathy on performance in three vision tests novel in the present context. " 12/01/2004 - "The article is aimed at discussing the theoretical grounds which support the diagnosis of solvent-related chronic encephalopathy in the field of the worker's mental health, having it as a target in this area. " 06/01/2004 - "Thirty male patients (48 +/- 9 years of age) with solvent-induced chronic encephalopathy, and 41 controls (46 +/- 8 years) without solvent exposure, participated. " 09/01/2001 - "To obtain information about solvent related chronic encephalopathy (SRCE) in the countries of the European Union (EU). "
7.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 05/01/1993 - "Vegetable versus animal protein diet in cirrhotic patients with chronic encephalopathy. " 10/01/2019 - "Mutations that disrupt the TBC1D24 presynaptic protein have been implicated in various neurological disorders including epilepsy, chronic encephalopathy, DOORS (deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, mental retardation, and seizures) syndrome, nonsyndromic hearing loss, and myoclonus. " 01/01/2006 - "Patients with chronic encephalopathy were also usually treated with nonabsorbable disaccharides (94%) and protein restriction (40%). " 03/01/1996 - "Based on the results of the two largest, long-term studies, the use of oral branched-chain amino acids in the prevention and treatment of chronic encephalopathy may only be proposed for patients with advanced cirrhosis, intolerant to alimentary proteins. " 01/01/2019 - "Searching for Serum Antibodies to Neuronal Proteins in Patients With Myalgic Encephalopathy/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome."
8.	Rituximab (Mabthera)FDA Link 01/01/2019 - "Previous Phase II trials indicated clinical benefit from B-cell depletion using the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in patients with myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). " 01/01/2016 - "Serum BAFF and APRIL Levels, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, and Immunoglobulins after B-Cell Depletion Using the Monoclonal Anti-CD20 Antibody Rituximab in Myalgic Encephalopathy/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome." 01/01/2019 - "Rituximab Serum Concentrations and Anti-Rituximab Antibodies During B-Cell Depletion Therapy for Myalgic Encephalopathy/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome."
9.	ZincIBA 09/01/1984 - "22 cirrhotic patients with chronic encephalopathy were given oral zinc supplementation or placebo in a double-blind randomised trial. "
10.	ProstaglandinsIBA 02/18/2015 - "In order to explore the mechanism of aluminum neurotoxicity and the importance of COX2 downstream signaling pathways to chronic brain damage, the present study was designed to simultaneously observe the prostaglandin (PG) contents, and the expressions of PG synthases and PG receptors of hippocampus in a rat model induced by chronic administration of aluminium gluconate. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 09/01/1998 - "Neuroprotective therapy is a relatively new development in the approach to the treatment of acute and chronic brain damage. " 04/01/1994 - "Four patients developed mild chronic encephalopathy which was readily controlled with medical therapy. " 10/18/2006 - "Shunt therapy compared with ET demonstrated significantly less rebleeding (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.30) at the cost of significantly increased acute hepatic encephalopathy (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.59 to 2.69) and chronic encephalopathy (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.20 to 3.62). " 04/04/2023 - "Chronic brain damage in HIV-infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy is associated with viral reservoirs, sulfatide release, and compromised cell-to-cell communication." 09/01/1993 - "We describe two patients with a chronic encephalopathy that clinically resembled dementia but that resolved after oral administration of high-dose corticosteroid therapy. "
2.	Transjugular Intrahepatic Portasystemic Shunt 04/01/2001 - "Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that loss of portal perfusion and age >65 yr were the only independent predictors of the onset of post-TIPS chronic encephalopathy (odds ratios 0.24 and 1.98, respectively). " 04/01/2001 - "In the present study we evaluated the predictive value of pretransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) portal perfusion as assessed by Doppler ultrasonography for the onset of chronic encephalopathy after TIPS. " 03/09/1998 - "There were no acute complications associated to the TIPS procedures, but one patient developed stenosis of the shunt within one year, and another chronic encephalopathy. " 01/01/2012 - "Careful selection of patients is mandatory before TIPS, and clinical followup is essential to detect and treat complications that may result from TIPS stenosis (which can be prevented by using covered stents) and chronic encephalopathy (which may in severe cases justify reduction or occlusion of the shunt). "
3.	Surgical Portasystemic Shunt (Portosystemic Shunt) 01/05/2022 - "We report a case of a 20-year-old female patient with neurocognitive behavioral difficulty, voracious appetite, and chronic encephalopathy secondary to type II Abernethy malformation with not one, but two extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. " 04/01/2001 - "In the present study we evaluated the predictive value of pretransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) portal perfusion as assessed by Doppler ultrasonography for the onset of chronic encephalopathy after TIPS. " 12/01/2010 - "Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration is a chronic encephalopathy which occurs in ∼1% of patients with liver cirrhosis and seems related to portosystemic shunts. "
4.	Surgical Splenorenal Shunt (Splenorenal Shunt) 05/01/1989 - "We describe the blockage of a splenorenal shunt using interventional radiology, in a patient with incapacitating chronic encephalopathy. " 10/01/1981 - "Recently, a selective shunt, the distal splenorenal shunt, has achieved some degree of popularity and, apparently, is associated with less chronic encephalopathy. " 10/01/1981 - "There has been no chronic encephalopathy, three individual episodes of encephalopathy, two in the central splenorenal shunt group and one in the distal splenorenal shunt group, two associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and one with intercurrent infection and overdiuresis. "
5.	Surgical Portacaval Shunt (Portacaval Anastomosis) 06/01/1980 - "The preoperative estimation of portal pressure-diverted portal flow curve slope anticipates the hepatic vascular response to portacaval anastomosis and identifies a group of patients in whom loss of portal blood flow results in a low residual intrahepatic venous pressure that is associated with early death and chronic encephalopathy." 04/01/1996 - "In patients with variceal bleeding and failure of first line treatments, such as sclerosis or pharmacology, the partial H-portacaval shunt and non-shunting procedures are good alternatives, with low incidence of rebleeding and chronic encephalopathy."