Brain Concussion (Cerebral Concussion)

A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)

Also Known As:

Cerebral Concussion; Concussion, Brain; Commotio Cerebri; Concussion, Intermediate; Concussion, Mild; Concussion, Severe; Mild Traumatic Brain Injury; Brain Concussions; Cerebral Concussions; Concussion, Cerebral; Intermediate Concussion; Intermediate Concussions; Mild Concussion; Mild Concussions; Severe Concussion; Severe Concussions

Networked: 1149 relevant articles (37 outcomes, 192 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Post-Concussion Syndrome
2.	Traumatic Brain Injuries (Traumatic Brain Injury)
3.	Cognitive Dysfunction
4.	Brain Injuries (Brain Injury)
5.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

Experts

1.	Pick, Chaim G: 19 articles (01/2020 - 04/2007)
2.	Weaver, Lindell K: 15 articles (02/2019 - 01/2015)
3.	Diaz-Arrastia, Ramon: 14 articles (12/2022 - 01/2015)
4.	Mychasiuk, Richelle: 14 articles (12/2022 - 03/2016)
5.	Shultz, Sandy R: 11 articles (12/2022 - 12/2015)
6.	Zetterberg, Henrik: 11 articles (01/2021 - 04/2013)
7.	Greig, Nigel H: 11 articles (01/2020 - 10/2013)
8.	Lindblad, Anne S: 11 articles (02/2019 - 08/2016)
9.	Wilson, Steffanie H: 11 articles (02/2019 - 01/2016)
10.	Gill, Jessica M: 10 articles (01/2022 - 01/2020)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Brain Concussion:

1.	CreatineIBA 02/01/2019 - "Evidence exists indicating that increased brain creatine may be effective at reducing the severity of, or enhancing recovery from mild traumatic brain injury, however, only limited data in humans are available to verify this hypothesis, thus representing an exciting area for further research." 03/01/2018 - "Creatine monohydrate may improve recovery from and adaptation to intense training, recovery from periods of injury with extreme inactivity, cognitive processing, and reduce severity of or enhance recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). " 06/01/2017 - "There is significant overlap between the neuropathology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and the cellular role of creatine, as well as evidence of neural creatine alterations after mTBI. " 06/01/2017 - "Potential for use of creatine supplementation following mild traumatic brain injury." 02/22/2022 - "Furthermore, creatine has shown some promise for attenuating symptoms of concussion, mild traumatic brain injury and depression but its effect on neurodegenerative diseases appears to be lacking. "
2.	Peptides (Polypeptides)IBA 12/01/2019 - "Hypertension Exacerbates Cerebrovascular Oxidative Stress Induced by Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Protective Effects of the Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidative Peptide SS-31." 01/01/2016 - "Thioredoxin-Mimetic-Peptides Protect Cognitive Function after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)." 05/01/2013 - "Treatment of mild traumatic brain injury with an erythropoietin-mimetic peptide." 11/15/2016 - "Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Ameliorates Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Cognitive and Sensorimotor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in Rats." 04/10/2012 - "Neuroprotection with an erythropoietin mimetic peptide (pHBSP) in a model of mild traumatic brain injury complicated by hemorrhagic shock."
3.	N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDA Receptors)IBA 12/01/2023 - "We identified N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 as a hub molecule involved in the response to repetitive mild traumatic brain injury , and western blotting showed that, while N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 expression was not altered in the hippocampus after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury, its phosphorylation level was significantly increased, which is consistent with the omics results. " 01/01/2021 - "NMDA Receptor Alterations After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Induce Deficits in Memory Acquisition and Recall." 12/01/2023 - "Administration of GRP78608, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 antagonist, to the hippocampus markedly improved repetitive mild traumatic brain injury-induced cognitive impairment. " 12/01/2023 - "In conclusion, our findings suggest that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 signaling in the hippocampus is involved in cognitive impairment in the chronic stage after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury and may be a potential target for intervention and treatment." 01/01/1999 - "NMDA-receptor blockade improved the outcome assessed by the functional tests but failed to influence the morphological changes, suggesting that this behavioural test is a more sensitive indicator of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI)."
4.	N-oleoylglycineIBA 01/01/2020 - "Protective Effects of N-Oleoylglycine in a Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." 01/01/2022 - "N-oleoylglycine (OlGly) is a lipid mediator that belongs to the expanded version of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system, the endocannabinoidome (eCBome), which has recently gained increasing attention from the scientific community for its protective effects in a mouse model of mild traumatic brain injury. "
5.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/2022 - "Sophisticated network-based approaches such as structural connectomics may help to detect a biomarker of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in children. " 10/01/2023 - "Differential and correlational tractography as tract-based biomarkers in mild traumatic brain injury: A longitudinal MRI study." 01/01/2023 - "The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between a neuroimaging biomarker of extracellular free water content and the clinical features of a cohort with primarily complicated mild traumatic brain injury. " 01/01/2022 - "In this systematic review we summarize the literature on clinical studies measuring blood based inflammatory markers following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and identify the value of inflammatory markers as biomarkers. " 11/01/2021 - "Poor sleep correlates with biomarkers of neurodegeneration in mild traumatic brain injury patients: a CENC study."
6.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)IBA 01/01/2022 - "The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between oculomotor synergies and brain oxygen status at mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) using simultaneous comparison of eye-tracking (ET) parameters and cerebral oxygen saturation. " 01/01/2022 - "Minimal bias was present in four randomized trials and greater bias in 2. In multiple randomized and randomized controlled studies HBOT at 1.5 ATA oxygen demonstrated statistically significant symptomatic and cognitive or cognitive improvements alone in patients with mild traumatic brain injury Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome. " 02/01/2019 - "A composite outcome for mild traumatic brain injury in trials of hyperbaric oxygen." 01/01/2017 - "Author response: Hyperbaric oxygen: B-Level evidence in mild traumatic brain injury clinical trials." 01/01/2017 - "Letter re: Hyperbaric oxygen: B-Level evidence in mild traumatic brain injury clinical trials."
7.	salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)IBA 08/01/2016 - "In this study we used sixteen young adult mice that were divided into two groups: sham and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with ABR measurements obtained prior to, and at 2, 6, and 14 weeks after injury. " 01/01/2014 - "This study demonstrated that HBO2 at either 1.5 or 2.0 ATA equivalent had no effect on postconcussion symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury when compared with sham compression." 01/01/2014 - "The effects of HBO2 on persistent postconcussion symptoms in 60 military service members with at least 1 combat-related mild traumatic brain injury were examined in a single-center, double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, prospective trial at the Naval Medicine Operational Training Center at Naval Air Station Pensacola. " 11/01/2023 - "Male and female C57BL/6 J mice were briefly anesthetized and subjected to a sham procedure or a weight drop closed-head mild traumatic brain injury . " 07/04/2023 - "Age-matched lean and fatty diabetic Zucker rats were tested in the Morris water maze (spatial memory) prior to receiving a sham-injury or lateral fluid percussion (LFP) mild traumatic brain injury. "
8.	Protons (Proton)IBA 10/01/2010 - "Proton MRS is a very useful tool for evaluation of major changes in metabolite levels in pyramidal tracts after mild traumatic brain injury." 01/01/2018 - "Neurometabolites Alteration in the Acute Phase of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI): An In Vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) Study." 01/01/2011 - "A longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of mild traumatic brain injury." 11/01/2010 - "Assessment of metabolic brain damage and recovery following mild traumatic brain injury: a multicentre, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed patients." 01/01/2023 - "Replicability of proton MR spectroscopic imaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury: Implications for clinical applications."
9.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2013 - "Mild traumatic brain injury results in depressed cerebral glucose uptake: An (18)FDG PET study." 01/01/2023 - "Determine whether glucose uptake as measured by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging is associated with cognitive performance and cognitive deficits in active duty service members with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). " 01/01/2019 - "Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Chronic Mental and Cognitive Sequelae after a Single Blunt Mild Traumatic Brain Injury without Visible Brain Lesions." 06/01/2012 - "Non-invasive metabolic imaging tools such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) are the ideal methods for providing insight to these changes by measuring regional cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, and brain metabolite concentrations, respectively, after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). " 08/01/1998 - "This case demonstrates the possibility of discordance between brain perfusion and glucose uptake in acute mild traumatic brain injury."
10.	Glial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinIBA 01/01/2021 - "To show whether the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels are significantly higher in the serum of patients with mild traumatic brain injury or not. " 01/01/2021 - "The Diagnostic Competence of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Prognostic Value in Patient Recovery." 01/01/2020 - "Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein concentration was significantly increased 1-h post-injury in mild traumatic brain injury cases compared to the non-injured group (P = 0.017). " 01/01/2020 - "Comparing Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) in Serum and Plasma Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults." 01/01/2016 - "In adults, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has been shown to out-perform S100β in detecting intracranial lesions on computed tomography (CT) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cognitive Training 01/01/2019 - "Efficacy of Psychoeducation and Cognitive Rehabilitation After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Preventing Post-concussional Syndrome in Individuals With High Risk of Poor Prognosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial." 01/01/2017 - "To examine the potential moderating effects of mental health symptoms on the efficacy of compensatory cognitive training (CCT) for Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). " 01/01/2017 - "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of group-based compensatory cognitive training (CCT) for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom(OIF)/Operation New Dawn (OND) Veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury. " 01/01/2017 - "Mental Health Does Not Moderate Compensatory Cognitive Training Efficacy for Veterans With a History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." 01/01/2022 - "Further study is needed to determine whether adding II to cognitive rehabilitation advances patient goal achievement.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONIt is feasible to incorporate training in implementation intentions (predetermined "if/when-then" plans that are intended to link specific situational triggers with actions) in metacognitive strategy instruction for patients with mild traumatic brain injury.Participants"
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2015 - "In our earlier published studies, oculomotor therapy (OMT) was performed in 15 individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and over 90% of the clinical oculomotor parameters abnormal at baseline significantly improved immediately following the OMT. " 06/19/2023 - "The Efficacy of Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." 01/01/2017 - "The objective of this study is to test whether head-eye vestibular motion (HEVM) therapy is associated with decreased symptoms and increased function in postconcussive syndrome (PCS) patients that have been severely impaired for greater than 6 months after a mild traumatic brain injury. " 02/01/2023 - "Limited benefit of systematic head CT for mild traumatic brain injury in patients under antithrombotic therapy." 01/01/2023 - "Search terms included "vestibular rehabilitation" or "vestibular therapy" and "concussion" or "mild traumatic brain injury" or "mTBI" and "athletes" or "sports" or "athletics" or "performance", and "early interventions" or "therapy" or "treatment". "
3.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 07/06/2023 - "Emotional dysregulation such as that seen in depression, are a long-term consequence of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), that can be improved by using neuromodulation treatments such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). " 01/01/2015 - "The present paper systematically reviews studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) to assess cortical excitability, intra-cortical inhibition/facilitation and synaptic plasticity following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). " 10/01/2019 - "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electroencephalography Measures of Cortical Neuroplasticity Are Altered after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." 01/01/2015 - "Probing the effects of mild traumatic brain injury with transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex." 07/15/2013 - "Transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalography responses in recovered and symptomatic mild traumatic brain injury."
4.	Hyperbaric Oxygenation 01/01/2022 - "In this review, PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Systematic Review Database were searched from August 8-22, 2021 for all adult clinical studies published in English on hyperbaric oxygen therapy in mild traumatic brain injury Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome (symptoms present at least 3 months). " 01/01/2022 - "Systematic Review and Dosage Analysis: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Efficacy in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome." 10/01/2021 - "Hippocampal cerebral blood flow increased following low-pressure hyperbaric oxygenation in firefighters with mild traumatic brain injury and emotional distress." 01/01/2020 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for mild traumatic brain injury persistent postconcussion syndrome: a randomized controlled trial." 12/01/2019 - "On the other hand, the controversy continues concerning the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) to treat sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury. "
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2018 - "Assessment of Follow-up Care After Emergency Department Presentation for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion: Results From the TRACK-TBI Study." 03/01/2014 - "Predictors of outcome after treatment of mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study." 08/15/2013 - "Assessment of acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) symptoms after a combat blast could aid diagnosis and guide follow-up care. " 01/01/2022 - "A retrospective community study of longitudinal (before and after treatment) brain 3D Thresholded SPECT scans of 73 patients with all-cause psychiatric disorders (most frequent diagnostic clusters: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-mild traumatic brain injury, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, post-viral chronic syndromes), shows these baseline SPECT scans predict improvement (non-worsening to large improvement) in clinical functioning with a sensitivity of 94% (95% confidence interval 86-98%) and a specificity of 67% (95% confidence interval 21-94%). " 01/01/1993 - "A 46-year-old woman presented with an unusual erythema multiforme-like eruption and severe headache 10 days after treatment with pyritinol for cerebral concussion. "