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Botulism

A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)

Also Known As:

Botulism, Toxico-Infectious; Toxico-Infectious Botulism; Botulism, Toxico Infectious; Infantile Botulism; Toxico Infectious Botulism; Botulism, Infantile

Networked: 658 relevant articles (20 outcomes, 38 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Tetanus
2.	Toxemia
3.	Anthrax
4.	Plague (Bubonic Plague)
5.	Tularemia

Experts

1.	Johnson, Eric A: 18 articles (01/2015 - 09/2003)
2.	Smith, Leonard A: 17 articles (09/2015 - 11/2006)
3.	Janda, Kim D: 14 articles (08/2014 - 10/2005)
4.	Tepp, William H: 13 articles (01/2015 - 09/2003)
5.	Kalb, Suzanne R: 12 articles (07/2015 - 01/2010)
6.	Barr, John R: 12 articles (07/2015 - 01/2010)
7.	Baudys, Jakub: 10 articles (07/2015 - 01/2010)
8.	Pellett, Sabine: 10 articles (01/2015 - 04/2008)
9.	Smith, Theresa J: 9 articles (09/2015 - 01/2010)
10.	Popoff, Michel R: 8 articles (11/2015 - 08/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Botulism:

1.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 06/01/2004 - "These new avenues include improved methods of preventing and treating botulism and additional novel uses of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent. " 04/01/2015 - "A series of botulism challenge studies were conducted to determine if botulinum toxin would be produced in mussels (Mytilus edulis) inoculated with non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum spores and held under modified atmosphere (MA) packaging conditions at normal (4 °C) and abusive (12 °C) temperatures. " 12/01/2012 - "Genetic diversity studies have focused mainly on strains harboring one type A botulinum toxin gene, bont/A1, although all reported bont/A gene variants have been associated with botulism cases. " 07/01/2010 - "In this study, the entire bont/F nucleotide sequences were determined from 33 type F botulinum toxin-producing clostridial strains isolated from environmental sources and botulism outbreak investigations. " 01/01/2004 - "Previous studies and clinical observations have failed to demonstrate sensory changes related to botulinum toxins or the disease of botulism. "
2.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 07/04/2003 - "This study demonstrates the utility of DNA vaccination for protection against botulinum neurotoxin type F and indicates that a prime-boost regimen could be an efficient method of generating antibody for passive immune therapy in cases of botulism involving serotype F toxin." 01/01/2000 - "Thus, we studied an alternative method and demonstrated that DNA immunization provided sufficient protection against botulism in a murine model. " 08/01/2013 - "Results of the multicenter collaborative trial involving eight laboratories in five European Countries (two laboratories in France, Italy and The Netherlands, one laboratory in Denmark and Sweden), using DNA extracts issued from 33 pure isolates and 48 naturally contaminated samples associated with animal botulism cases, demonstrated the robustness of these tests. " 05/01/1999 - "The wide genetic biodiversity observed among type E isolates indicates the value of DNA-based typing methods as a tool in contamination studies in the food industry and in investigations of botulism outbreaks." 06/05/2012 - "A proteomics approach is useful for BoNT subtyping since botulism is caused by botulinum neurotoxin and does not require the presence of the bacteria or its DNA. "
3.	Guanidine (Guanidine Nitrate)FDA Link 05/01/1975 - "Our experience showed that guanidine is also effective in botulism, type B, as adjunctive therapy." 07/01/1979 - "Among 14 patients who received conventional botulism therapy, there was no improvement in recovery rate in those who received guanidine compared with the nontreated group. " 05/01/1975 - "On two occasions, guanidine produced clinical and electrophysiological improvement in a 54-year-old man with botulism, type B. " 12/01/1979 - "Effect of guanidine on the neuromuscular block of botulism: an electrophysiological study." 04/06/2002 - "The specific treatments of botulism with serotherapy and with guanidine are of debatable efficacy. "
4.	AntitoxinsIBA 01/01/2010 - "The best treatment for botulism includes serotype-specific antitoxins, which are most effective when administered early in the course of the intoxication. " 01/01/2015 - "These findings support the use of orally delivered antitoxins produced in green algae as a novel treatment for botulism. " 11/01/1967 - "[Studies on the persistence of excess antitoxins in the serum of a patient with type B botulism]." 01/01/2015 - "Antitoxins currently used to treat botulism neutralize circulating BoNT but cannot enter, bind to or neutralize BoNT that has already entered the neuron. " 01/01/2014 - "Particular emphasis is placed on the application of toxin-based approaches, examining critical issues that have hampered realization of post-intoxication antitoxins against botulism."
5.	toosendaninIBA 11/01/2011 - "Toosendanin, a triterpenoid from Melia toosendan Sieb et Zucc, has been found before to be an effective anti-botulism agent, with a bi-phasic effect at both motor nerve endings and central synapse: an initial facilitation followed by prolonged depression. " 09/15/2011 - "Toosendanin, a drug with therapeutic effects against botulism, inhibited GT1b-dependent BoNT/B oligomerization and in parallel truncated BoNT/B single-channel conductance, suggesting that oligomerization plays a role in the translocation reaction. " 06/01/2004 - "In spite of sharing some similar action with BoNT, toosendanin can protect botulism animals that have been administrated with lethal doses of BoNT/A or BoNT/B for several hours from death and make them restore normal activity. " 06/01/2004 - "Cure of experimental botulism and antibotulismic effect of toosendanin." 03/01/1985 - "The effect of toosendanin on monkey botulism."
6.	Foodborne botulismIBA 12/01/2015 - "Therefore its inhibitors should be considered for a possible use to prevent botulism and for treating infant botulism. " 09/01/2015 - "The 3 main clinical presentations of botulism are as follows: foodborne botulism, infant botulism and wound botulism. " 01/01/2015 - "Infant botulism is the most prevalent form of botulism in the USA, representing 68.5 % of cases reported from 2001-2012. " 01/01/2015 - "In 2013, a total of 24 foodborne botulism cases (including 8 laboratory confirmed cases) was reported, corresponding to the lowest annual incidence rate (0.06 per 100,000 population) since the introduction of botulism as mandatory notifiable disease. " 03/01/2014 - "As opposed to botulism in adults, treating infant botulism with horse antiserum was not approved due to several safety issues. "
7.	Edrophonium (Tensilon)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1998 - "Edrophonium improved the range of movements and saccadic velocities in the patient with systemic botulism but was ineffective in reversing ocular misalignment in the one iatrogenic patient to whom it was administered. " 12/01/1996 - "Botulism with sensory symptoms diagnosed by neuromuscular transmission studies associated with edrophonium responsiveness." 12/01/1996 - "Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) test confirmed the diagnosis of botulism and edrophonium injection caused a reduction in the decremental response. " 10/01/1981 - "Some patients had features not usually associated with botulism including paresthesia (14%), asymmetric extremely weakness (17%), asymmetric ptosis (8%), slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein values (14%), and positive responses to edrophonium chloride(26%). " 03/01/1990 - "A review of the literature revealed that a positive edrophonium response has been reported in a majority of cases of myasthenia gravis (MG) and overlap myasthenic syndrome and in some cases of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, botulism, congenital myasthenic syndrome, drug-induced myasthenic syndrome, the Guillain-Barre syndrome, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. "
8.	3,4-diaminopyridineIBA 07/01/1992 - "In a double blind, placebo controlled study, 3,4-diaminopyridine failed to improve these parameters in a 31-year old patient with severe food-borne type A botulism. " 01/01/2013 - "3,4-Diaminopyridine may improve neuromuscular block during botulism." 04/06/2002 - "Administration of symptomatic treatment with 3,4-diaminopyridine led to progressive improvement, although the diagnosis of toxin B botulism was confirmed. " 04/06/2002 - "We report a case of nutritional toxin B botulism successfully treated with 3,4-diaminopyridine. " 07/01/1992 - "3,4-diaminopyridine was evaluated for its ability to improve muscle strength, respiratory function and electromyographic compound muscle action potentials in human botulism. "
9.	AntibodiesIBA 04/01/2008 - "Affinity-matured human antibodies have demonstrated efficacy as countermeasures for exposure to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which is the cause of the disease botulism category A select bioterror agent. " 01/01/2011 - "Currently, the only therapy for BoNT intoxication (which results in the disease state botulism) includes experimental preventative antibodies and long-term supportive care. " 04/01/2010 - "Because of the high potency of BoNT, development of diagnostic and therapeutic antibodies for botulism requires antibodies of very high affinity. " 01/05/2007 - "Botulism is treated with polyclonal antibodies produced in horses that are associated with a high incidence of systemic reactions. " 09/01/2015 - "Existing antibodies (Abs) used to treat botulism cannot enter the cytosol of neurons and bind to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) at its site of action, and thus cannot reverse paralysis. "
10.	botulism immune globulinIBA 02/01/2014 - "Botulism immune globulin (BIG) was created to treat this deadly disease and functions by neutralizing all systemically circulating botulism toxins. " 06/21/2010 - "We describe a case of botulism in a 4.5 month-old girl with complete recovery after intravenous administration of botulism immune globulin. " 08/01/1996 - "Experience with the use of an investigational F(ab')2 heptavalent botulism immune globulin of equine origin during an outbreak of type E botulism in Egypt." 12/01/2007 - "The ages on presentation, length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, length of mechanical ventilation, and type of botulism toxin were recorded and compared for patients who had received Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous and those who had not. " 04/01/2007 - "Since 1992, Human Botulism Immune Globulin has been provided by the California Department of Health Services to infants with probable infant botulism, the intestinal toxemia form of human botulism. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Chinese Traditional Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 01/01/2006 - "Toosendanin (TSN), a triterpenoid derivative extracted from a Chinese traditional medicine, has been demonstrated to be an effective cure for experimental botulism. " 12/04/2003 - "Toosendanin (TSN), a triterpenoid derivative extracted from Chinese traditional medicine, has been demonstrated to be an effective cure for experimental botulism. "
2.	Therapeutics 02/01/2007 - "These analyses contribute to the understanding of the evolution and phylogeny within this species and assist in the development of improved diagnostics and therapeutics for the treatment of botulism." 01/01/2011 - "In addition to determining in vitro inhibition abilities of a panel of mAbs against BoNT/B1-/B5, this work has determined B12.2 and 2B18.2 to be the best mAbs for sample preparation before Endopep-MS. These mAb characterizations also have the potential to assist with mechanistic studies of BoNT/B protection and treatment, which is important for studying alternative therapeutics for botulism." 01/01/2012 - "A novel strategy for development of recombinant antitoxin therapeutics tested in a mouse botulism model." 06/11/2010 - "Aptamers are unique group of molecules as therapeutics, and this is first report of their development as an antidote against botulism. " 03/01/2007 - "An area that has not been explored for designing the antidotes against botulism is aptamers, which have been successfully developed as therapeutics in several areas. "
3.	Artificial Respiration (Mechanical Ventilation) 09/01/2014 - "To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of successful weaning from long-term mechanical ventilation and management of recumbency using a water mattress in an adult horse with presumptive botulism." 09/01/2014 - "To describe the clinical course, management, and outcome of a horse with a presumptive diagnosis of botulism treated with long-term mechanical ventilation. " 09/01/2014 - "Mechanical ventilation and management of an adult horse with presumptive botulism." 07/15/2007 - "In a multivariable model involving patients who had had botulism, mechanical ventilation during acute illness, older age, and region of residence independently predicted worse health. " 07/15/2007 - "Most of the patients (68%) had acquired botulism from home-conserved vegetables (probably containing toxin type B), 15% had been hospitalized for >1 month, and 25% had required mechanical ventilation. "
4.	Dilatation and Curettage (D&C) 08/01/2013 - "Two real-time PCR arrays based on the GeneDisc(®) cycler platform (Pall-GeneDisc Technologies) were evaluated in a multicenter collaborative trial for their capacity to specifically detect and discriminate Clostridium botulinum types C, D and their mosaic variants C-D and D-C that are associated with avian and mammalian botulism. " 03/23/2013 - "Upon applying this method, twenty-seven type C and D strains, including authentic strains and the isolates from avian and bovine botulism, were successfully divided into type C, C/D mosaic, type D, and D/C mosaic BoNT-producing strains. " 08/01/2012 - "The D/C mosaic BoNT (BoNT/DC), which is produced by the isolate from bovine botulism in Japan, exhibits the highest toxicity to mice among all BoNTs. " 05/01/2012 - "Clostridium botulinum types C and D, as well as their mosaic variants C-D and D-C, are associated with avian and mammalian botulism. " 07/29/2011 - "Clostridium botulinum type D strain OFD05, which produces the D/C mosaic neurotoxin, was isolated from cattle killed by the recent botulism outbreak in Japan. "
5.	Length of Stay 06/01/2013 - "These studies can provide quick diagnosis of botulism so that early administration of botulism immunoglobulin, if available, can reduce morbidity, mortality and length of stay in hospital. " 12/01/2007 - "The ages on presentation, length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, length of mechanical ventilation, and type of botulism toxin were recorded and compared for patients who had received Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous and those who had not. "