Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)

Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.

Also Known As:

Networked: 4684 relevant articles (777 outcomes, 692 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Chancellor, Michael B: 23 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Jankovic, Joseph: 22 articles (09/2015 - 01/2003)
3.	Dressler, Dirk: 15 articles (09/2015 - 12/2007)
4.	Laskawi, R: 15 articles (03/2014 - 11/2000)
5.	Jankovic, J: 14 articles (01/2008 - 01/2000)
6.	Jabbari, Bahman: 13 articles (07/2015 - 11/2002)
7.	Wissel, J: 13 articles (08/2014 - 06/2000)
8.	Blitzer, Andrew: 12 articles (10/2015 - 05/2002)
9.	Marchese-Ragona, Rosario: 12 articles (11/2014 - 04/2002)
10.	Maria, Giorgio: 11 articles (06/2015 - 08/2003)

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches) 11/01/2002 - "The rationale for how these effects could be beneficial in conditions characterized by excessive muscle contraction is clear, but the hypotheses regarding botulinum toxin-induced effects on pain are highly speculative. " 07/01/1993 - "Paraspinal muscle administration of botulinum toxin A reduced the tone of paraspinal and thigh muscles significantly and resulted in marked improvement of ambulation and cessation of pain." 11/01/2002 - "In preliminary studies, botulinum toxin has been used successfully to treat various pain syndromes, including TMDs. " 07/01/2012 - "One month after injection there was a clear clinical improvement in both treatment groups but it was greater in the botulinum toxin group, with a significant difference for the pain item (P = 0.069), though not in other items. " 03/01/2004 - "The efficacy of botulinum toxin (BTX) without systemic effects has led to the rapid development of applications in neuromuscular disorders, hyperactivity of sudomotor cholinergic-mediated glandular function, and pain syndromes. "
2.	Hyperhidrosis 02/01/2012 - "In conclusion, we consider that low doses of botulinum toxin A is a well tolerated, safe and very effective treatment for primary frontal hyperhidrosis and it should be offered as an alternative to patients who suffer from this disorder." 01/01/2007 - "Botulinum toxin is a safe and effective treatment for idiopatic focal axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis, but very few data are reported in the literature on its effect on plantar idiopatic hyperhidrosis. " 10/01/2000 - "Botulinum toxin A has been shown to be a very effective treatment for focal hyperhidrosis of the axillae and palms. " 01/01/2003 - "Botulinum toxin A has emerged as a treatment for hyperhidrosis over the past 5-6 years with studies showing good results. " 03/01/2008 - "Few recent clinical studies have suggested that botulinum toxin is effective in the treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis. "
3.	Torticollis (Wryneck) 12/01/2006 - "Currently, the best treatment option for idiopathic cervical dystonia (ICD) is injection of botulinum toxin (BTX) into the affected muscles, whereas rehabilitative approaches have given disappointing results. " 03/01/2005 - "The use of botulinum toxin to treat cervical dystonia (CD) has dramatically improved the quality of life of patients with this disabling, often painful disease. " 11/01/2001 - "Botulinum toxin has dramatically improved the treatment of cervical dystonia. " 01/01/2001 - "The use of botulinum toxin to treat cervical dystonia (CD) has dramatically improved the quality of life of patients with this disabling, often painful disease. " 02/01/1990 - "We conclude that botulinum toxin is a safe and effective therapy for most patients with cervical dystonia."
4.	Dystonia (Limb Dystonia) 07/01/2010 - "The best treatment for craniocervical dystonia is botulinum toxin injected into the overactive muscles." 12/01/2001 - "The therapy for OMD using botulinum toxin A has proved to be successful, the amount of improvement in this form of dystonia is, however, lower in comparison to other forms of mobility disorders in the head and neck region." 07/01/2000 - "Administration of medications used to treat dystonia was unsuccessful but botulinum toxin therapy was beneficial in all six treated cases." 06/01/2000 - "Recently use of botulinum toxin has provided beneficial response in hyper muscular contraction states such as dystonia and spasticity, Surgery and other non-medical therapies are effective in few situations." 04/01/1996 - "Botulinum toxin therapy was clearly beneficial in about two-thirds of those with primary upper limb dystonia, a condition affecting young adults (mean onset 32.9 years). "
5.	Cerebral Palsy (Spastic Diplegia) 05/01/2002 - "Nevertheless, our study suggests that the botulinum toxin is a well-tolerated anti-spasticity treatment that is effective for the hip adductors providing an important contribution to the management of non-ambulatory cerebral palsy children." 01/01/2010 - "Botulin toxin is beneficial in the treatment of spasticity in children suffering from cerebral palsy." 05/01/2015 - "Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is considered a safe and effective therapy for children with cerebral palsy (CP), especially in the hands of experienced injectors and for the majority of children. " 01/01/2013 - "The treatment of children with cerebral palsy with Botulinum Toxin is considered safe and effective, but is only approved for children older than two years of age. " 01/01/2010 - "Botulinum toxin A treatment in children with cerebral palsy is now well established as a safe and effective therapy option. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox)
2.	abobotulinumtoxinA
3.	Nitroglycerin (Dynamite)
4.	Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
5.	Cosmetics
6.	Benign essential blepharospasm
7.	Cholinergic Antagonists (Anticholinergics)
8.	Baclofen
9.	Capsaicin (Zostrix)
10.	rimabotulinumtoxinB

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections
2.	Intramuscular Injections
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
4.	Intradermal Injections
5.	Subcutaneous Injections