Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)

Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.

Also Known As:

Networked: 6941 relevant articles (990 outcomes, 898 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Jankovic, Joseph: 48 articles (10/2021 - 08/2002)
2.	Johnson, Eric A: 32 articles (01/2021 - 09/2003)
3.	Dressler, Dirk: 29 articles (01/2021 - 12/2007)
4.	Montecucco, Cesare: 25 articles (04/2022 - 08/2002)
5.	Rossetto, Ornella: 25 articles (04/2022 - 08/2002)
6.	Tepp, William H: 25 articles (01/2021 - 09/2003)
7.	Jost, Wolfgang H: 24 articles (05/2022 - 09/2002)
8.	Rummel, Andreas: 24 articles (01/2022 - 02/2004)
9.	Pellett, Sabine: 24 articles (01/2021 - 04/2008)
10.	Binz, Thomas: 23 articles (04/2022 - 02/2004)

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches) 03/01/2019 - "Critical evidence on the therapeutic efficacy of botulinum toxins (BTX) is still lacking for most pain conditions. " 11/01/2002 - "The rationale for how these effects could be beneficial in conditions characterized by excessive muscle contraction is clear, but the hypotheses regarding botulinum toxin-induced effects on pain are highly speculative. " 11/01/2002 - "In preliminary studies, botulinum toxin has been used successfully to treat various pain syndromes, including TMDs. " 01/01/2021 - "A statistically significant reduction in patient-reported pain scores was noted at 6 weeks after botulinum toxin injection (mean difference, 20.3; 95% confidence interval, 11.7-28.9) and continued past 12 weeks (mean difference, 19.4; 95% confidence interval, 14.6-24.2). " 07/01/2012 - "One month after injection there was a clear clinical improvement in both treatment groups but it was greater in the botulinum toxin group, with a significant difference for the pain item (P = 0.069), though not in other items. "
2.	Torticollis (Wryneck) 06/01/2016 - "Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is highly effective in the treatment of cervical dystonia (CD), yet a significant proportion of patients report low levels of satisfaction following treatment and fail to follow up for repeated treatments. " 12/01/2006 - "Currently, the best treatment option for idiopathic cervical dystonia (ICD) is injection of botulinum toxin (BTX) into the affected muscles, whereas rehabilitative approaches have given disappointing results. " 03/01/2005 - "The use of botulinum toxin to treat cervical dystonia (CD) has dramatically improved the quality of life of patients with this disabling, often painful disease. " 11/01/2001 - "Botulinum toxin has dramatically improved the treatment of cervical dystonia. " 01/01/2001 - "The use of botulinum toxin to treat cervical dystonia (CD) has dramatically improved the quality of life of patients with this disabling, often painful disease. "
3.	Dystonia (Limb Dystonia) 05/01/2022 - "Botulinum toxin is effective in most patients with focal/segmental dystonia. " 07/01/2010 - "The best treatment for craniocervical dystonia is botulinum toxin injected into the overactive muscles." 09/01/2023 - "Presently, there is no cure for laryngeal dystonia, but botulinum toxin has shown significant success in treating the symptoms of the disorder." 01/01/2023 - "All three groups demonstrated significant improvement in knowledge of module content between their pre- and post-module test scores (PD: p=.0001, dystonia: p<.0001 and botulinum toxin: p=.008), and those who took the dystonia module maintained significant improvement at either a 3- or 6-month follow up compared to pre-module (p <.0001). " 05/01/2022 - "Stereotactic surgery can be the first-line treatment for some types of dystonia because of its high efficacy or because of the absence of official approval for botulinum toxin treatment in Japan. "
4.	Dystonic Disorders (Writer's Cramp) 04/01/2015 - "Role of injection botulinum toxin has been extensively studied in writer's cramp patients and found to be effective; however, selection of muscles and techniques of injection are crucial in getting best results. " 11/01/2012 - "Botulinum neurotoxins have been shown to be a safe and effective therapeutic option for most forms of focal dystonia, and are now considered to provide the best symptomatic treatment in these disorders. " 01/01/2012 - "Botulinum toxin treatment may be helpful in controlling the most disabling symptoms of segmental or focal dystonia. " 01/01/2014 - "In conclusion, botulinum toxin is an effective treatment for focal dystonia that can have long-lasting effects and can improve patients' ability to work and quality of life. " 06/01/2013 - "Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatment is clinically effective in a substantial portion of writer's cramp patients, but the full mechanism of action remains enigmatic. "
5.	Hyperhidrosis 01/01/2007 - "Botulinum toxin is a safe and effective treatment for idiopatic focal axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis, but very few data are reported in the literature on its effect on plantar idiopatic hyperhidrosis. " 03/01/2008 - "Few recent clinical studies have suggested that botulinum toxin is effective in the treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis. " 08/01/2009 - "Botulinum toxin injection effectively treats axillary hyperhidrosis. " 01/01/2007 - "Botulinum toxin (BTX) is an effective treatment for primary axillary hyperhidrosis. " 10/01/2002 - "Effective treatment of essential hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin injection has been demonstrated. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Type A Botulinum Toxins (Botox)
2.	Cholinergic Antagonists (Anticholinergics)
3.	incobotulinumtoxinA
4.	abobotulinumtoxinA
5.	Nitroglycerin (Dynamite)
6.	Steroids
7.	Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
8.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)
9.	Ointments (Pastes)
10.	Baclofen

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections
2.	Therapeutics
3.	Nerve Block (Nerve Blocks)
4.	Conservative Treatment
5.	Intramuscular Injections