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Betaine (C.B.B.)

A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)

Also Known As:

C.B.B.; Betaine Hydrochloride; Cystadane; Acidin-Pepsin; Beaufour Brand of Betaine Citrate; Boizot Brand of Betaine Aspartate; Byk Brand of Betaine Phosphate; Citrate de Bétaïne Beaufour; Citrate de Bétaïne UPSA; Fournier Brand of Betaine Ascorbate and Hydrate; Glycine Betaine; Hepastyl; Logeais Brand of Betaine Cyclobutyrate; Novobetaine; Orphan Brand of Betaine; Scorbo-bétaïne; Stea-16; UPSA Brand of Betaine Citrate; Acidin Pepsin; AcidinPepsin; Betaine Orphan Brand; Betaine, Glycine; Hydrochloride, Betaine; Scorbo bétaïne; Scorbobétaïne; Stea16; Lycine; Oxyneurine; Methanaminium, 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, inner salt

Networked: 451 relevant articles (37 outcomes, 64 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Organic Chemicals: 58
- Amines: 1422
  - Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: 1159
    - Trimethyl Ammonium Compounds
      - Betaine: 451
        cocamidopropyl betaine: 29
        C 31G: 19
        desintegron B: 19
        gamma-butyrobetaine: 15
        sulfobetaine: 8
        emeriamine: 7
        C(18)-carboxypropylbetaine: 6
        crotonic acid betaine: 3
        betaine aldehyde: 2
        betaine citrate: 2
        urea drug combination lactic acid hydrocortisone betaine: 2
        amidosulfobetaine-14: 1
        betaine glucuronate: 1
        cocobetaine: 1
        laurylamidopropylbetain: 1
        polycarboxybetaine methacrylate: 1
        RD6 2198: 1
        selenobetaine: 1
        Tego-Betain: 1
        urea drug combination lactic acid betaine: 1
        2-(3'-dimethylaminopyrazinio)ethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid betaine
        3,3'-di(gamma-sulfopropyl)-4,5,4',5'-dibenzo-9-ethylthiacarbocyanine betaine pyridinium salt
        3-oxidopyridinium betaine
        alpha-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl) butyrate betaine
        amidopropylhydroxydimethylsulfobetaine
        ammonium sulfobetaine-1
        chitosan N-betainate
        cocoamidopropylbetaine
        decyl betainate
        dimethylthetin
        dodecyl betainate
        dodecylbetaine
        echinobetaine A
        echinobetaine B
        Girard's reagent T
        hercynine
        hexadecylbetaine
        ISA 13-1
        laurylbetain
        leucine betaine
        methylbetaine
        N-ethyl-6-methyl-2-sulfoquinolinium-betaine
        NDSB 195
        NDSB 201
        NDSB 256
        NL 177
        norzooanemonine
        palmitate drug combination betaine
        pyridinium-barbiturate-betaine dye
        rac-dysibetaine CPa
        selenobetaine methyl ester
        tetradecylbetaine
- Onium Compounds
  - Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: 1159
    - Betaine: 451

Experts

1.	Lever, Michael: 14 articles (05/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Zeisel, Steven H: 11 articles (05/2015 - 03/2003)
3.	George, Peter M: 11 articles (05/2015 - 03/2002)
4.	Chambers, Stephen T: 11 articles (05/2015 - 03/2002)
5.	Slow, Sandy: 10 articles (05/2015 - 05/2004)
6.	Schwahn, Bernd C: 7 articles (07/2014 - 01/2003)
7.	Rozen, Rima: 7 articles (07/2014 - 03/2003)
8.	Ueland, Per Magne: 6 articles (01/2014 - 01/2005)
9.	Elmslie, Jane L: 5 articles (05/2015 - 10/2009)
10.	Sugiyama, Kimio: 5 articles (03/2015 - 07/2008)

Related Diseases

1.	Homocystinuria 08/01/2002 - "PK-PD modelling allows recommendations for optimal dosage of betaine in the treatment of homocystinuria, that have the potential for improved patient compliance and both therapeutic and pharmacoeconomic benefit." 04/01/2002 - "We conclude that early betaine therapy was safe and effective in our patient with neonatal onset methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type CblC." 04/01/2002 - "[Neonatal onset methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria:Biochemical and clinical improvement with betaine therapy]." 08/01/1989 - "The assignment of betaine was confirmed by two-dimensional 1H NMR studies of urine obtained from two adults with homocystinuria receiving treatment with oral betaine. " 01/01/2015 - "In the mouse CBS deficiency model, betaine was decreased in plasma, liver, heart and brain, but was conserved in kidney. "
2.	Inflammation 02/01/2015 - "Betaine suppressed TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation and HDAC3 expression, contributing to its inhibition of hypothalamic astrogliosis and inflammation in animal and cell models. " 09/01/2014 - "Our findings suggest that betaine is one of the candidates for the prevention of inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis." 11/01/2012 - "Among many natural compounds, we focused on betaine, which is known to suppress inflammation. " 01/01/2012 - "Stress rather than inflammation may affect plasma betaine concentrations." 01/01/2012 - "Increased dietary betaine intake has been associated with lowered systemic inflammation. "
3.	Insulin Resistance 11/01/2010 - "In the mHF8B group, betaine treatment significantly improved insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. " 11/01/2010 - "Betaine also reverses hepatic insulin resistance in part by increasing the activation of IRS1, with resultant improvement in downstream signaling pathways." 11/01/2010 - "The present study aims to determine whether betaine treatment would prevent or treat NAFL in mice and to understand how betaine reverses hepatic insulin resistance. " 03/01/2013 - "Our findings suggest that betaine improves hyperlipidemia and tau hyperphosphorylation in db/db mice with insulin resistance by alleviating ER and oxidative stress. " 11/01/2010 - "Betaine improves nonalcoholic fatty liver and associated hepatic insulin resistance: a potential mechanism for hepatoprotection by betaine."
4.	Liver Diseases (Liver Disease) 01/01/2013 - "Several important questions need to be addressed to better understand the potential of betaine as a therapeutic agent for other liver diseases, such as alcohol-induced injury. " 07/01/1996 - "In view of the fact that SAM has already been used successfully in the treatment of human maladies, including liver dysfunction, betaine, shown to protect against the early stages of alcoholic liver injury as well as being a SAM generator, may become a promising therapeutic agent and a possible alternative to expensive SAM in the treatment of liver disease and other human maladies." 11/01/1994 - "These results suggest that betaine, when given in sufficient amounts, may be a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of liver disease." 05/01/2009 - "Of all the therapeutic modalities that are presently being used to attenuate ethanol-induced liver injury, betaine has been shown to be the most effective in a variety of experimental models of liver disease. " 12/01/2010 - "Betaine, a methyl donor active in methionine metabolism, is effective in preventing and reversing experimental alcohol liver disease. "
5.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma) 06/11/2009 - "In this study, an in-vitro model that mimics wound coatings (human plasma dried onto adhesive glass slides) was used to compare the efficacy of four sterile solutions used to cleanse wounds: saline and Ringer's (both salt solutions), a betaine surfactant-containing wound rinsing solution (Prontosan B. " 06/15/2012 - "Pretreatment of the yeast antagonist, Candida oleophila, with glycine betaine increases oxidative stress tolerance in the microenvironment of apple wounds." 01/01/2010 - "The treatment with the solution containing polihexanide and betaine was well tolerated by the patients and was found useful in the absorption of wound odours." 01/01/2010 - "Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of a solution containing propyl betaine and polihexanide for wound irrigation." 01/01/2010 - "The aim of the present randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effects of a wound cleansing solution containing polihexanide and betaine in venous leg ulcers by means of clinical and instrumental assessment. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Methionine (L-Methionine)
2.	Homocysteine
3.	Choline (Choline Chloride)
4.	Folic Acid (Vitamin M)
5.	Glycine (Aminoacetic Acid)
6.	Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)
7.	Vantocil
8.	Pyridoxine (Pyridoxin)
9.	Vitamin B 12 (Cyanocobalamin)
10.	Carbon

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Polypharmacy
2.	Ligation
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
4.	Oral Administration
5.	Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy