Autistic Disorder (Autism)

A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-IV)

Also Known As:

Networked: 4031 relevant articles (218 outcomes, 826 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)
2.	Alzheimer Disease (Alzheimer's Disease)
3.	Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
4.	Mental Retardation (Idiocy)
5.	Bipolar Disorder (Mania)

Experts

1.	McDougle, Christopher J: 47 articles (08/2015 - 07/2002)
2.	Cook, Edwin H: 31 articles (08/2015 - 04/2002)
3.	Ghanizadeh, Ahmad: 30 articles (09/2015 - 01/2009)
4.	Mori, Norio: 29 articles (07/2015 - 12/2006)
5.	Van de Water, Judy: 28 articles (01/2016 - 07/2006)
6.	Posey, David J: 28 articles (08/2015 - 07/2002)
7.	Aman, Michael G: 27 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
8.	Ashwood, Paul: 27 articles (06/2015 - 11/2004)
9.	Suzuki, Katsuaki: 26 articles (07/2015 - 12/2006)
10.	Nakamura, Kazuhiko: 26 articles (09/2014 - 12/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Autistic Disorder:

1.	Risperidone (Risperdal Consta)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2010 - "Our results confirm that risperidone therapy was very effective in reducing some autism symptoms and caused few serious adverse effects. " 08/01/2002 - "The efficacy of risperidone in the treatment of very young children with autistic disorder reported here is consistent with findings in the limited number of cases previously reported in the literature. " 02/01/2007 - "Risperidone treatment was well tolerated and significantly improved behavioral problems associated with autism." 01/01/2007 - "Risperidone can be beneficial in some features of autism. " 06/01/2006 - "Risperidone improved global functioning and social responsiveness while reducing hyperactivity and aggression in children with autism and was well tolerated."
2.	SecretinFDA Link 12/09/1999 - "A single dose of synthetic human secretin is not an effective treatment for autism or pervasive developmental disorder." 07/01/2002 - "A number of controlled clinical trials did not show improvement in autistic symptoms with secretin compared with placebo, possibly indicating no role for the drug in autistic disorder." 06/01/2002 - "To determine the efficacy of secretin, we completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover (3 weeks) study in children with autism/PDD and various GI conditions using a single dose of intravenous porcine secretin. " 02/01/2002 - "Further studies should be conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of secretin for autism." 01/01/2012 - "Meta-analysis of data was not possible but there is now consistency of findings, with RCTs of the efficacy of secretin in autism not showing improvements for core features of ASD. "
3.	aripiprazole (Abilify)FDA Link 06/01/2012 - "Mean treatment duration was 24.4 weeks with a mean final aripiprazole dosage of 10.8 mg. Aripiprazole yielded improvements in the total ABC and in several items of the SPQ including registration, inattention/distractibility, auditory processing, and modulation of visual input affecting emotional responses and activity level, suggesting that aripiprazole might be beneficial in targeting sensory abnormalities in autism." 01/01/2010 - "When used appropriately, aripiprazole has the potential to be an effective treatment for children with autistic disorder to improve irritability and aggressive behavior and improve quality of life. " 04/01/2013 - "Aripiprazole is safe and effective for the treatment of childhood autism." 09/01/2015 - "All the double-blind, controlled, randomized, clinical trials examining the efficacy of aripiprazole for treating children and adolescents with autism were included. " 04/01/2012 - "This post hoc analysis assessed data from two 8-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies that compared the efficacy of aripiprazole (fixed-dose study, 5, 10, and 15 mg/d; flexible-dose study, 2-15 mg/d) with placebo in the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder. "
4.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 01/01/2004 - "CA may be recommended for combined therapy with neuroleptics as an effective and safe medicine for the treatment of cognitive and behavioral disorders in patients with children's autism." 02/01/2013 - "Atypical neuroleptics have been shown to be useful in the treatment of behavioral symptoms in autism. " 12/04/2000 - "While recruiting patients with COS refractory to conventional treatments for a trial of atypical antipsychotic drugs, we discovered a unique case who has a familial t(1;7)(p22;q21) reciprocal translocation and onset of psychosis at age 9. The patient also has symptoms of autistic disorder, which are usually transient before the first psychotic episode among 40-50% of the childhood schizophrenics but has persisted in him even after the remission of psychosis. " 01/01/2009 - "Both first- and second-generation antipsychotics have shown safety and efficacy in short- and long-term studies in autism. " 08/01/2007 - "Earlier studies investigating basal ganglia in autism have included subjects on neuroleptics known to affect basal ganglia volumes. "
5.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 05/01/1997 - "Recent studies suggest that serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are helpful in at least some symptoms of autism. " 01/02/2015 - "In the present study, we investigated association of these polymorphisms with platelet 5-HT content and symptoms severity as revealed by childhood autism rating scale in ASD children from an Indian population. " 01/02/2015 - "SLC6A4 markers modulate platelet 5-HT level and specific behaviors of autism: a study from an Indian population." 01/01/2015 - "Previous studies have indicated that empathic traits, such as perspective taking, are associated with the levels of serotonin in the brain and with autism spectrum conditions. " 01/01/2015 - "Most studies have reported an elevation in platelet serotonin in persons with autism. "
6.	Glutens (Glutelin)IBA 08/01/2013 - "Children with autism may have elevated immune response to gluten." 05/01/2013 - "The relationship of autism and gluten." 01/01/2010 - "Gluten-restricted diets have become increasingly popular among parents seeking treatment for children diagnosed with autism. " 01/19/1980 - "Gluten and autism." 04/01/2005 - "Diet trials also have been inconclusive in autism and schizophrenia, 2 diseases in which sensitivity to dietary gluten has been implicated. "
7.	Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 01/01/2001 - "Recent reports suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are useful in the treatment of individuals with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. " 01/01/1997 - "Recent studies suggest that serotonin reuptake inhibitors are helpful in at least some symptoms of autism. " 08/01/2014 - "Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and social responsiveness symptoms of autism: population-based study of young children." 01/01/2014 - "Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed off-label for children with autism. " 12/19/2013 - "Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of autism."
8.	Fluvoxamine (Luvox)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1996 - "Fluvoxamine is more effective than placebo in the short-term treatment of the symptoms of autistic disorder in adults. " 10/01/2000 - "One controlled study of the selective SRI fluvoxamine found it to be significantly better than placebo for reducing repetitive phenomena and aggression in adults with autistic disorder. " 11/01/1996 - "A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in adults with autistic disorder." 06/01/2005 - "Eighteen children with autistic disorder completed a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover study of fluvoxamine. " 05/01/2003 - "Twenty-eight subjects, consisting of 23 boys and 5 girls, aged from 3 to 18 years old diagnosed as having autistic disorder were analyzed during fluvoxamine administration. "
9.	Caseins (Casein)FDA Link 01/01/2015 - "These actions may provide a potential contributing mechanism for the beneficial effects of a casein-free diet in alleviating gastrointestinal symptoms in neurological conditions including autism and other conditions. " 01/01/2015 - "Casein-free, gluten-free diets have been reported to mitigate some of the inflammatory gastrointestinal and behavioral traits associated with autism, but the mechanism for this palliative effect has not been elucidated. " 05/01/2008 - "Bone development, casein-free diet use, supplements, and medications were assessed for 75 boys with autism or autism spectrum disorder, ages 4-8 years. " 11/01/2015 - "Most investigations assessing the efficacy of a gluten-free and casein-free diet in the treatment of autism are seriously flawed. " 04/01/2006 - "This study tested the efficacy of a gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diet in treating autism using a randomized, double blind repeated measures crossover design. "
10.	MagnesiumIBA 02/01/2006 - "Magnesium profile in autism." 08/01/1997 - "Several reports have described salutary effects such as decreased physical aggression and improved social responsiveness being associated with the administration of high doses of pyridoxine and magnesium (HDPM) in open-labeled and controlled studies of patients with autism. " 01/01/2005 - "To determine the efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium (B6-Mg) for treating social, communication, and behavioural responses of children and adults with autism. " 01/01/2002 - "To determine the efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium (B6-Mg) for treating social, communication and behavioural responses of children and adults with autism. " 12/01/1998 - "Critique of "Efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium in the treatment of autism"."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Massage (Reflexology) 12/01/2005 - "In conclusion, giving massage to children with autism may help to enhance the emotional bond between parent and child." 01/01/2015 - "Early Intervention with a Parent-Delivered Massage Protocol Directed at Tactile Abnormalities Decreases Severity of Autism and Improves Child-to-Parent Interactions: A Replication Study." 12/01/2005 - "This exploratory study aimed to address two questions: (1) What does touch mean between parents and their children with autism on completion of a massage intervention? " 04/01/2015 - "Massage therapy, or tactile stimulation (TS), early in life has repeatedly been shown to be an effective, low-cost, therapeutic approach in ameliorating the cognitive, social, and emotional symptoms of autism. " 01/01/2015 - "They respond well to treatment with a daily massage protocol directed at tactile abnormalities (QST massage for autism). "
2.	Breathing Exercises (Qigong) 09/01/2008 - "In 2005, a qigong massage intervention based on Chinese medicine and delivered by a doctor of Chinese medicine was shown to improve sensory impairment and adaptive behavior in a small controlled study of young children with autism. " 01/01/2007 - "Improvement in sensory impairment and social interaction in young children with autism following treatment with an original Qigong massage methodology." 07/01/2009 - "This article presents a randomized controlled study evaluating the effect of a 5-month intervention directed toward improving sensory impairment, digestion, and sleep in 46 children with autism < age 6. The intervention, Qigong Sensory Training (QST), is a qigong massage intervention based in Chinese medicine. " 01/01/2007 - "The effectiveness of the Cignolini methodology, an original Qigong massage methodology, in treating sensory impairment in young children with autism was evaluated in a small, controlled study. " 01/01/2013 - "The direct relationship between tactile impairment and self-regulatory delay pretreatment, and the proportional decrease of both following treatment, suggest that tactile impairment is a cause of self-regulatory delay, and that qigong massage is a promising avenue to improve developmental outcomes in autism."
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 11/01/2011 - "c-Kit+ cells transplantation as a new treatment for autism, a novel hypothesis with important research and clinical implication." 01/01/2013 - "This non-randomized, open-label, single center phase I/II trial investigated the safety and efficacy of combined transplantation of human cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMNCs) and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) in treating children with autism. " 01/01/2013 - "37 subjects diagnosed with autism were enrolled into this study and divided into three groups: CBMNC group (14 subjects, received CBMNC transplantation and rehabilitation therapy), Combination group (9 subjects, received both CBMNC and UCMSC transplantation and rehabilitation therapy), and Control group (14 subjects, received only rehabilitation therapy). " 01/01/2013 - "This is an open label proof of concept study of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) intrathecal transplantation in 32 patients with autism followed by multidisciplinary therapies. " 10/01/2013 - "The assessment results of the Autism Behavior Checklist for children with autism showed that compared with pre-operative function, social communication scores were significantly reduced at six months after transplantation, and total scores and social communication and language scores were also significantly reduced 1 year after transplantation (P<0.05). "
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 06/01/2001 - "After treatment, the patients showed significant improvement on the scores of the Yale--Brown Obsessive--Compulsive Scale -- Obsessions subscale and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale; Clinical Global Impressions -- Autism scores showed 3 of the patients much improved and 3 unchanged. " 01/01/2014 - "The score of childhood autism rating scale (CARS) and clinical efficacy in both groups were observed before and after treatment. " 08/01/2011 - "In observation, between the group aged from 4 to 6 years and the group aged from 2 to 3 years, the value differences in Clancy Autism Behavior Scale, ABC and social adaptive development scale did not present statistical significance in group comparison before and after treatment (all P > 0.05). " 08/01/2011 - "After treatment, the scores in Clancy Autism Behavior Scale, CARS and ABC were lower apparently in observation group as compared with those before treatment (all P < 0.01), and the scores in Clancy Autism Behavior Scale and ABC were lower than those in control group (both P < 0.01). " 05/01/2006 - "Patients were treated by "Jin's three-needling" as the main measure with the assistance of behavior intervention, and the changes were compared among the three groups (29 cases in combination group, 15 cases in acupuncture group and 10 cases in intervention group) before and after treatment of various factors and scores estimated by the autism behavior checklist (ABC) and autism development checklist (ADC). "
5.	Music Therapy 01/01/2014 - "To establish feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a group music therapy protocol to improve attention skills (sustained, selective, attentional control/switching) in adolescents diagnosed with autism and/or developmental delays. " 01/01/2013 - "We will support our claims by reviewing results from brain imaging studies reporting on music therapy effects in children with autism. " 07/01/2009 - "The results of this exploratory study found significant evidence supporting the value of music therapy in promoting social, emotional and motivational development in children with autism." 07/01/2009 - "Through behavioural analysis, this study investigated the social-motivational aspects of musical interaction between the child and the therapist in improvisational music therapy by measuring emotional, motivational and interpersonal responsiveness in children with autism during joint engagement episodes. " 10/01/2008 - "It was a randomized controlled study employing a single subject comparison design in two different conditions, improvisational music therapy and play sessions with toys, and using standardized tools and DVD analysis of sessions to evaluate behavioral changes in children with autism. "