Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-IV)

Also Known As:

Networked: 4936 relevant articles (378 outcomes, 1146 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders (Oppositional Defiant Disorder)
2.	Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)
3.	Epilepsy (Aura)
4.	Alzheimer Disease (Alzheimer's Disease)
5.	Conduct Disorder

Experts

1.	Biederman, Joseph: 94 articles (10/2013 - 03/2002)
2.	Faraone, Stephen V: 77 articles (08/2015 - 04/2002)
3.	Spencer, Thomas J: 44 articles (09/2013 - 03/2002)
4.	Findling, Robert L: 43 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
5.	Newcorn, Jeffrey H: 43 articles (11/2015 - 04/2002)
6.	Swanson, James M: 41 articles (03/2013 - 01/2002)
7.	Arnold, L Eugene: 39 articles (11/2015 - 05/2002)
8.	Adler, Lenard A: 37 articles (09/2014 - 03/2005)
9.	Buitelaar, Jan K: 36 articles (08/2015 - 01/2005)
10.	Kollins, Scott H: 36 articles (06/2015 - 10/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity:

1.	Methylphenidate (Ritalin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/15/2014 - "Psychostimulant medication, most commonly the catecholamine agonist methylphenidate, is the most effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 05/01/2013 - "Low doses of psychostimulants, including methylphenidate (MPH), are highly effective in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 01/01/2012 - "Finally, on a dosage of 378 mg extended-release methylphenidate (Concerta®), his symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder have improved dramatically and no further use of methylphenidate has been recorded during the 24 months preceding this report. " 04/15/2009 - "Reversal learning performance was also predicted by subjects' trait impulsivity, such that the most impulsive individuals benefited more from methylphenidate, consistent with this drug's beneficial effects on cognition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." 10/01/2008 - "The stimulant drug methylphenidate, otherwise known as Ritalin, is the mainstay of treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and is the most common psychotropic medication prescribed to children. "
2.	atomoxetine (Strattera)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2014 - "Efficacy of atomoxetine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an integrated analysis of the complete database of multicenter placebo-controlled trials." 07/01/2004 - "Mean reductions in the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV-Parent Version: Investigator-Administered and Scored total score were significantly greater for patients randomized to atomoxetine, beginning at the first visit after the initiation of treatment and continuing at all subsequent visits. " 01/01/2004 - "Mean reductions in the scores on the Clinician Global Impression of Severity Scale, patient-rated CAARS and Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale were also significantly greater with atomoxetine than with placebo. " 01/01/2004 - "Mean reductions in the scores on the Clinician Global Impression of Severity Scale, patient-rated CAARS and Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale were also significantly greater with atomoxetine than with placebo. " 11/01/2009 - "To test the hypothesis that first-line treatment with atomoxetine provides superior efficacy than placebo for up to 12 weeks in improving the symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). "
3.	Amphetamine (Amfetamine)FDA LinkGeneric 05/10/2006 - "Psychostimulants, including amphetamine, act as antihyperkinetic agents in humans with hyperkinetic disorder such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and are known to be effective in enhancing attention-related processes; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been adequately addressed. " 06/01/2015 - "The Efficacy and Safety of Evekeo, Racemic Amphetamine Sulfate, for Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms: A Multicenter, Dose-Optimized, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Laboratory Classroom Study." 11/01/2015 - "Amphetamine (AMPH) and its more potent enantiomer S(+)AMPH are psychostimulants used therapeutically to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and have significant abuse liability. " 05/01/2015 - "During the competition, amphetamine was detected in a sample collected on a player who had a therapeutic use exemption for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. " 01/01/2015 - "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most commonly diagnosed neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, is usually treated with psychostimulants (e.g., amphetamine). "
4.	lisdexamfetamine dimesylateFDA Link 02/01/2011 - "Changes in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale IV total scores and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale were used to evaluate the efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. " 12/01/2014 - "The stimulant prodrug lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) is an effective and generally well tolerated treatment for the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 05/01/2012 - "Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate was effective in participants with predominantly inattention, hyperactivity/ impulsivity, and combined attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom clusters. " 06/01/2014 - "In this phase 3 extension study, the long-term maintenance of efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was evaluated using a randomized-withdrawal study design. " 06/01/2014 - "Maintenance of efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: randomized-withdrawal study design."
5.	Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of edivoxetine (LY2216684), a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 04/01/2013 - "The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes from an open label study of edivoxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 09/01/2010 - "Neurobiologic studies have suggested that dysregulation of central noradrenergic systems may be involved in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and it has been hypothesized that genetic changes in the norepinephrine pathways might contribute to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex circuits in ADHD. " 07/01/2015 - "No Evidence for Association Between Norepinephrine Transporter-3081 (A/T) Polymorphism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Iranian Population." 08/01/2012 - "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of edivoxetine (LY2216684), a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder."
6.	Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2014 - "The demonstration that aminopeptidase-like activity in red blood cell cytosol is responsible for the hydrolysis of LDX extends our understanding of the smooth and consistent systemic delivery of d-amphetamine by LDX and the long daily duration of efficacy of the drug in relieving the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. " 08/01/1999 - "The aim of this paper is to determine the efficacy of dexamphetamine in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a naturalistic setting. " 06/01/2011 - "However, there do not appear to be any published clinical studies that have characterized the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of intranasally administered d-amphetamine, which is commonly prescribed for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. " 08/01/1999 - "A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dexamphetamine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." 04/01/2015 - "Dexamphetamine (dAMPH) is a stimulant drug that is widely used recreationally as well as for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). "
7.	Guanfacine (Tenex)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2008 - "All groups of children taking guanfacine extended release showed significant improvement on hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattentiveness subscales of the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale IV, Clinical Global Impression of Improvement, Parent's Global Assessment, Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form, and Conners' Teacher Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form assessments compared with placebo. " 10/01/2014 - "In this post hoc analysis, we assessed whether guanfacine extended-release (GXR) adjunctive to a psychostimulant resulted in greater response and remission rates than placebo + psychostimulant in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 09/01/2007 - "Guanfacine hydrochloride is an alpha(2a)-adrenoreceptor agonist found to be effective in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 11/01/2013 - "Guanfacine extended release: a novel treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents." 10/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of once-daily guanfacine extended release (GXR) monotherapy administered either in the morning or evening, using a modified Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form (CPRS-R:S) assessed three times/day in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). "
8.	Bupropion (Wellbutrin)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2007 - "Since attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a well-documented risk factor for smoking and bupropion has been shown to be effective for smoking cessation, we tested the efficacy of bupropion as a prophylactic agent for the prevention of smoking in children and adolescents with ADHD. " 10/01/1996 - "This is a multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the safety and efficacy of bupropion in the treatment of children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH). " 12/01/2011 - "Bupropion for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials." 04/01/2005 - "Bupropion XL in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study." 08/01/1990 - "The authors treated 19 adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with an open trial of bupropion. "
9.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2005 - "The hypothesis that altered dopamine transmission underlies hyperactive-inattentive behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is based on genetic studies and the efficacy of psychostimulants. " 08/01/2011 - "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric disorder in school-age children, and recent studies provide evidence implicating the metabolic abnormalities of dopamine (DA) for its pathophysiology. " 02/01/2009 - "The aim of the present study was to review the dopamine theory of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in light of recent use of noradrenergic therapies. " 04/05/2008 - "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a strong genetic basis, and evidence from human and animal studies suggests that a dopamine system dysfunction plays a role in the disorder pathophysiology. " 04/01/2008 - "Abnormalities of frontostriatal circuits, which are modulated by dopamine, have been found by brain imaging studies in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). "
10.	SaltsIBA 09/01/2011 - "The study objectives were to 1) evaluate medication adherence for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated with 3 times daily (TID) mixed amphetamine salts immediate release (MAS IR) versus once-daily (qAM) MAS extended release (MAS XR) in a randomized, crossover study; and 2) to examine the associations between adherence and efficacy for MAS IR and MAS XR. " 12/01/2005 - "Evaluate safety and efficacy of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (MAS XR) in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 08/01/2001 - "Efficacy of a mixed amphetamine salts compound in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." 11/01/2008 - "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-specific quality of life with triple-bead mixed amphetamine salts (SPD465) in adults: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." 11/01/2007 - "This phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled crossover study compared the efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine (LDX: 30, 50, or 70 mg) with placebo, with mixed amphetamine salts extended-release (MAS XR: 10, 20, or 30 mg) included as a reference arm of the study, in 52 children aged 6 to 12 years with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in an analog classroom setting. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2013 - "Despite the overall high degree of response to pharmacotherapy, consensus is lacking on how to judge clinical response or define optimal treatment/remission when treating adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 01/01/2014 - "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition and pharmacotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, with a variety of ADHD medications available to patients. " 12/01/1999 - "Previous studies have demonstrated the short-term efficacy of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but no longer-term (i.e., >4 months) investigations have compared these 2 treatments or their combination. " 01/01/2011 - "Achieving remission as a routine goal of pharmacotherapy in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." 10/01/2015 - "Despite high rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among adult lawbreakers, particularly the long-term effects of ADHD pharmacotherapy remain unclear, not the least because of ethical challenges with preventing control subjects in randomized controlled trials from receiving medication over prolonged time. "
2.	Neurofeedback 01/01/2014 - "In recent years a rising amount of randomized controlled trials, reviews, and meta-analyses relating to the efficacy of electroencephalographic-neurofeedback (EEG-NF) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been published. " 01/01/2014 - "The present study is a randomized controlled trial that aims to evaluate the efficacy of Neurofeedback compared to standard pharmacological intervention in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 09/01/2013 - "The present study is a randomized controlled trial that aims to evaluate the efficacy of Neurofeedback compared to standard pharmacological intervention in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 11/01/2011 - "Studies with outcomes in favour of neurofeedback might be showing an improvement in comorbid attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder symptoms rather than a true improvement in core ASD symptoms. " 05/10/2012 - "Which attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder children will be improved through neurofeedback therapy? "
3.	Combined Modality Therapy 02/01/2015 - "The Cologne Adaptive Multimodal Treatment (CAMT) study demonstrated that adaptive and individually tailored multimodal treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [consisting of behavior therapy (BT) and/or stimulant medication] is highly effective. " 03/01/2014 - "A randomized controlled multicenter trial on the multimodal treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: enrollment and characteristics of the study sample." 11/01/2010 - "Developmental processes in peer problems of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD: developmental cascades and vicious cycles." 04/01/2010 - "The third sample included 28 children in grades 1 to 4 from the Multimodal Treatment Study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Study) with a confirmed attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis. " 05/01/2009 - "Only 136 (53.5%) of the subjects were adherent at every time point at which saliva assays were taken, indicating that some degree of nonadherence characterized nearly half of all other NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-treated children. "
4.	Psychology Biofeedback (Biofeedback) 03/01/1984 - "The results indicate that EEG biofeedback training, if applied comprehensively, can be highly effective in helping to remediate children who are experiencing attention deficit disorders." 01/01/2004 - "These are preliminary findings of apparent efficacy of Autonomic Nervous System Biofeedback Modality treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. " 01/01/2005 - "In order to study the treatment of the children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT) was clinically applied to evaluate the effectiveness of electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback training. " 01/01/2005 - "A controlled study of the effectiveness of EEG biofeedback training on-children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." 01/01/2004 - "To study the effect of a new non-invasive technique of non-cognitive biofeedback called Autonomic Nervous System Biofeedback Modality on the behavioral and attention parameters of a sample of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. "
5.	Homeopathy 01/01/2014 - "An open-label pilot study of individualized homeopathy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was conducted to assess the potential for future studies with a focus on the feasibility of the recruitment plan and outcome measure schedules; identification of any group characteristics of participants who respond significantly to the therapy; and establishing the length of time required for an improvement in ADHD symptoms. " 01/01/2009 - "The Swiss randomised controlled trial of homeopathy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was a rigorous test of homeopathy. " 12/01/2005 - "The trial suggests scientific evidence of the effectiveness of homeopathy in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, particularly in the areas of behavioural and cognitive functions." 12/01/2005 - "Two publications, a randomised, partially blinded trial and a clinical observation study, conclude that homeopathy has positive effects in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 10/01/2005 - "The aim of this study was to carry out a preliminary trial evaluating the effectiveness of homeopathy in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). "