Atrophy

Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.

Also Known As:

Networked: 16308 relevant articles (571 outcomes, 1324 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
2.	Osteoporosis
3.	Infection
4.	Dyspareunia
5.	Body Weight (Weight, Body)

Experts

1.	Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: 67 articles (01/2016 - 07/2008)
2.	Jack, Clifford R: 53 articles (01/2016 - 07/2003)
3.	Scheltens, Philip: 48 articles (11/2015 - 03/2002)
4.	Powers, Scott K: 44 articles (11/2015 - 11/2002)
5.	Weiner, Michael W: 43 articles (01/2016 - 05/2006)
6.	Barkhof, Frederik: 39 articles (11/2015 - 08/2002)
7.	Thompson, Paul M: 30 articles (01/2016 - 05/2008)
8.	Petersen, Ronald C: 30 articles (12/2015 - 06/2005)
9.	Trojanowski, John Q: 29 articles (12/2015 - 11/2003)
10.	Barkhof, F: 28 articles (04/2015 - 11/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Atrophy:

1.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 11/01/2015 - "Estrogen therapy is considered to be the most effective treatment of vaginal atrophy (VA) symptoms. " 03/01/2013 - "Decreased estrogen production due to menopause is often associated with vaginal atrophy, and estrogen therapy is the most effective treatment for the management of this condition. " 03/01/2010 - "Local estrogen either alone or with androgen is highly effective in relieving symptoms of urogenital atrophy and in improving sexual function in symptomatic postmenopausal women." 12/01/2008 - "Low-dose vaginal estrogens are highly effective for genitourinary atrophy symptoms, with minimal systemic absorption and endometrial effects." 10/01/2007 - "Estrogen therapy remains the most effective treatment for the management of vasomotor symptoms and urogenital atrophy. "
2.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 09/01/2008 - "However, significant reduction in retinal sensitivity does not emerge until the atrophy of nerve fibres is severe." 01/01/2010 - "Fundus autofluorescence clearly delineated the retinal pigmented epithelium atrophy, which developed after the spontaneous resolution of the PIOL as a hypoautofluorescent area. " 09/01/1990 - "Magnetotherapy improved ocular hemodynamics in patients with optic nerve atrophy, it reduced the time of stimulation conduction along the vision routes and stimulated the retinal ganglia cells. " 04/01/2015 - "Based on the findings of the present study, choroidal hyperreflective foci in Stargardt disease, prominent at the Bruch membrane/RPE complex, choriocapillaris, and Sattler layer, correlate with disease severity in terms of retinal atrophy, decline in vision, and disease duration. " 04/01/2015 - "This study provides evidence for presence of bidirectional (both anterograde and retrograde) trans-synaptic axonal degeneration in the visual pathway of patients with MS. Additionally, thinning of the retinal pRNFL and GCC are related to global white and grey matter atrophy in addition to pathology of the visual pathway."
3.	Estradiol (Estrace)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2012 - "At 12 weeks, the estradiol ring group had a significantly improved maturation value (P<0.01) and objective atrophy assessment (P<0.01) compared with the placebo ring and control arms. " 01/01/2009 - "Signs of vulvar and vaginal atrophy were also significantly improved from baseline with all three doses of estradiol gel 0.1% compared with placebo. " 01/01/2009 - "Low-dose transdermal estradiol gel 0.1% is an effective treatment for relief of vasomotor symptoms, as well as signs of vulvar and vaginal atrophy, associated with menopause. " 02/01/2008 - "Dietary soy isoflavone did not affect either serum estradiol concentration or uterine and didymus weights, but estradiol administration improved the uterine atrophy in OVX rats, and decreased the didymus weight in male rats. " 01/01/2009 - "The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three doses of estradiol gel 0.1% (Divigel, a novel formulation consisting of 1 mg estradiol per 1 g transdermal gel) to reduce the frequency and severity of vasomotor symptoms and signs of vulvar and vaginal atrophy associated with menopause. "
4.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 12/01/1996 - "Conjugate administration in a four injection regime proved to be the most effective in disrupting fertility, as assessed by the degree of lowered testosterone levels and gonadal atrophy. " 07/01/1981 - "Binding of HCG by testicular tissue was dramatically reduced by treatment with testosterone, probably reflecting atrophy of the Leydig cells. " 02/01/2012 - "After one week diabetes led to a marked decrease in testosterone levels and an atrophy of about 35% in the VP. " 05/01/2012 - "There was also a significant reduction in serum testosterone level (p = 0.02) with a significant increase in FSH and LH level (p < 0.001); however, there was no testicular atrophy. " 09/01/2005 - "Atrophy of testes and seminal vesicles combined with a significant reduction in serum and testicular testosterone levels were detected in 12-week-old R6/2mice. "
5.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 01/01/2002 - "They are effective when used short-term; however, long-term use of the corticosteroids is associated with suppressive effects on the connective tissue, seen as skin atrophy or resistance to therapy. " 12/22/2001 - "It is clear that the risk of mucosal atrophy has been eliminated with the use of nasal corticosteroids. " 02/01/1995 - "Moreover, she responded well to oral corticosteroids therapy with resultant advanced subcutaneous fat atrophy." 05/01/2015 - "Skin atrophy is an adverse effect of topical corticosteroids (TCs) which, as an established non-life-threatening effect, has been poorly reported by trials involving these drugs. " 04/01/2013 - "In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms of the skin atrophy induced by corticosteroids. "
6.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 09/01/2006 - "Atrophy of the stria vascularis in most turns of the insulin group and the lower middle turn of the oral hypoglycemic group was significantly greater than in the controls. " 11/15/1976 - "The successful therapy of lipoatrophy with monocomponent insulin in all cases hitherto published confirms the hypothesis that a local antigen-antibody-reaction to highly molecular constituents of the commercial mixed insulins causes the atrophy of fatty tissue." 10/01/2013 - "T2DM patients have decreased subcortical white matter of multiple brain regions, and the atrophy of subcortical white matter can be improved by the insulin therapy. " 03/16/2012 - "Intranasal delivery of insulin to the central nervous system (CNS) has been shown to improve memory, reduce cerebral atrophy, and reverse neurodegeneration. " 12/01/1998 - "Changing the type of insulin and injection site relieved the fat atrophy. "
7.	HormonesIBA 01/01/2008 - "As non-oral hormone therapies have been shown to be as effective in treating vasomotor symptoms and vulvovaginal atrophy and to have a different (and perhaps more beneficial) physiological effect than oral regimens, it behooves us to assess the impact of non-oral hormone regimens on bone mineral density and fracture risk. " 04/30/2007 - "This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) in women with climacteric symptoms, and to assess their effects on vaginal atrophy, hormone levels, and lipid profiles. " 11/01/2012 - "With the lack of well-controlled randomized trials with neuroimaging measures on postmenopausal women both before and after some exposure interval, the effect of hormone therapy on hippocampal atrophy will remain equivocal and poorly understood." 02/15/2009 - "These studies reveal that circulating OPN plays a significant role in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones and that it augments CRS-induced organ atrophy." 01/01/2002 - "This study indicates that thyroid hormone analogues may be used to prevent corticosteroid-induced skin atrophy."
8.	Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)IBA 07/01/2010 - "High internal consistency and efficacy of intravaginal DHEA for vaginal atrophy." 01/01/2015 - "Dehydroepiandrosterone administered intravaginally on a daily basis is an effective treatment for symptoms, and signs of vulvovaginal atrophy along with libido in postmenopausal women. " 01/01/2015 - "Decreased efficacy of twice-weekly intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone on vulvovaginal atrophy." 05/01/2015 - "Prasterone has parallel beneficial effects on the main symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy: 52-week open-label study." 09/01/2011 - "In addition studies regarding the effects of vaginal DHEA on sexual function in women without vaginal atrophy are needed. "
9.	Glutamine (L-Glutamine)FDA Link 08/01/1998 - "Glutamine supplementation is beneficial for preventing intestinal atrophy and maintaining mucosal functions in metabolically stressed patients. " 09/01/2010 - "The aim of this study was to examine whether liquid glutamine given to rabbits after resection is as effective as intravenous (i.v.) glutamine and to study the positive effects of glutamine on mucosal atrophy that occurs after bowel resection. " 07/01/2002 - "The supplementation of L-glutamine was effective in preventing the atrophy of mucosa and epithelium (p<0.05), also avoiding the increase of partial volumes of the submucosa and lamina propria (p<0.05). " 09/14/2010 - "Additionally, glutamine showed protective effects on ileal epithelium and reduced villus atrophy. " 10/01/2015 - "Thus, as a functional amino acid with multiple key physiological roles, glutamine holds great promise in protecting the gut from atrophy and injury under various stress conditions in mammals and other animals. "
10.	Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies (Vaginal Tablet)IBA 03/01/2013 - "Effective treatment of vaginal atrophy with isoflavone vaginal gel." 11/01/2008 - "To evaluate the efficacy of ultra-low-dose 10-microgram 17beta-estradiol (E2) vaginal tablets for treatment of vaginal atrophy. " 01/01/2008 - "Vaginal tablets with 25 mcg and 10 mcg E2 provided relief of vaginal symptoms, improved urogenital atrophy, decreased vaginal pH, and increased maturation of the vaginal and urethral epithelium. " 01/01/2003 - "Action of 25 microg 17beta-oestradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of vaginal atrophy in Greek postmenopausal women; clinical study." 01/01/2015 - "To prove non-inferiority of the first non-hormonal vaginal cream in Germany, Vagisan(®) Moisturising Cream (CREAM), compared to a non-hormonal vaginal gel (GEL) for vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) symptom relief. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 02/01/2013 - "In the treatment of jaw bone atrophies, autologus bone is still considered the gold standard because of its excellent osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenetic proprieties and lack of immunogenicity, which allow better graft integration and stability. " 12/01/2008 - "Nevertheless, certain issues seem to have cleared up: ASCT should be used early, during the inflammatory phase of the disease; very high-intensity pre-transplant conditioning regimens increase toxicity but do not seem to increase efficacy compared to intermediate-intensity regimens; the results are dramatic and life-saving in resistant, so-called "malignant" cases; ASCT does not only cause debulking of autoreactive clones but it also brings about qualitative immunological changes that might eventually establish immunologic self-tolerance; the progression of brain atrophy appears to slow down with time; with the implementation of proper patient-selection criteria, the risks of morbidity and mortality can be minimized." 08/01/2001 - "However, rats that received intrastriatal fetal-striatum grafts shortly after the lesion and were killed 12 months later showed a significant reduction in cortical atrophy, and a large number of labeled corticostriatal fibers surrounding and innervating the graft. " 01/01/1997 - "A widely held tenet in the reconstructive surgery literature is that muscle transplants undergo significant postoperative atrophy, contributing to progressive improvement in appearance of the reconstruction. " 08/01/1992 - "The weight of the transplanted left lobes was significantly greater than the untransplanted right lobes of the groups at 3 days (p less than 0.01) and at 7 days (p less than 0.05) after end-to-side PCS compared with control animals, indicating that liver atrophy was prevented in the islet-transplanted lobes but not in those lobes without a transplant. "
2.	Denervation 01/01/2001 - "The marked decrease of alpha2M we have detected in denervated muscle may be responsible, at least in part, for the proteolytic increase which is known to occur in skeletal muscle during denervation atrophy." 09/01/1982 - "Although both types atrophied following denervation, type I atrophied to a lesser extent than type II. Electrical stimulation was beneficial in retarding denervation atrophy for both types. " 01/01/1981 - "This so-called reflex atrophy is significantly greater after 3 days than that after denervation. " 09/01/2004 - "The present structural studies demonstrate that the protocol used during FES training is effective in reverting long-term denervation atrophy and dystrophy. " 02/01/2012 - "Such imaging may increase the efficacy of nerve ablation and can avoid the potential risks of testicular atrophy and hydrocele associated with spermatic cord microsurgical denervation."
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 02/01/2013 - "Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a promising treatment to delay denervated skeletal muscle atrophy; however, the optimal time-point between peripheral nerve injury and NSC transplantation needs to be determined. " 01/01/2003 - "Even in cases with atrophy of the alveolar process, a transplantation with subsequent orthodontic treatment represents a promising treatment concept, whereas teeth without subsequent orthodontic treatment showed a lower success rate. " 11/01/2012 - "Our data show that transplantation of hMSCs 6 hours after TBI leads to reduced cerebral atrophy, early and enhanced cerebral tissue perfusion and improved functional outcome compared with controls. " 08/18/2009 - "To study the clinical effect of neural stem cell transplantation in the treatment of inherited cerebellar atrophy (CA). " 08/18/2009 - "Clinical study of transplantation of neural stem cells in therapy of inherited cerebellar atrophy."
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/1993 - "In a condition characterized by epidermal atrophy, we observed a significant reduction in epidermal atrophy after treatment. " 01/01/2011 - "All urogenital atrophy complaints improved after treatment. " 01/01/2009 - "Serum samples were obtained from 50 adults with active CD showing small-bowel mucosal villous atrophy, from the same patients in remission after treatment with a gluten-free diet, and from 59 controls. " 04/01/2001 - "Five of 7 patients who had no or mild cord atrophy at the introduction showed improvement after treatment. " 06/01/1999 - "As compared with the results of ultrasonography B performed before and after treatment, it was shown that both the longitudinal and transverse inner diameters of the gallbladder increased evidently, and the condition of atrophy improved remarkably after treatment."
5.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 08/01/2003 - "Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is effective for relieving vasomotor symptoms such as hot flash and vaginal atrophy and for preventing bone loss in postmenopausal and bilaterally ovariectomized women. " 01/01/2009 - "It is concluded that 17beta-oestradiol improves the signs and symptoms of vaginal atrophy without causing endometrial stimulation and offers a safe and effective alternative to systemic hormone replacement therapy for the treatment of vaginal symptoms associated with post-menopausal oestrogen deficiency." 11/01/2002 - "In postmenopausal women, urogenital atrophy can cause irritative symptoms that may be improved with hormone replacement therapy. " 01/01/2011 - "This indicates the herbal formula as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy in the management of menopausal vaginal atrophy. " 12/14/2001 - "Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can help mitigate their atrophy. "