Arachnoiditis

Acute or chronic inflammation of the arachnoid membrane of the meninges most often involving the spinal cord or base of the brain. This term generally refers to a persistent inflammatory process characterized by thickening of the ARACHNOID membrane and dural adhesions. Associated conditions include prior surgery, infections, trauma, SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, and chemical irritation. Clinical features vary with the site of inflammation, but include cranial neuropathies, radiculopathies, and myelopathies. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch48, p25)

Also Known As:

Networked: 410 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 30 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Meningitis
3.	Paraparesis
4.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
5.	Intractable Pain

Experts

1.	Stoodley, Marcus A: 7 articles (06/2016 - 06/2003)
2.	Cheng, Shaokoon: 4 articles (06/2016 - 08/2012)
3.	Hemley, Sarah J: 4 articles (06/2016 - 12/2009)
4.	Tu, Jian: 4 articles (05/2011 - 06/2003)
5.	van Toorn, Ronald: 3 articles (01/2021 - 03/2014)
6.	Bilston, Lynne E: 3 articles (06/2016 - 08/2013)
7.	Fehlings, Michael G: 3 articles (07/2012 - 04/2008)
8.	Bokat, Christina: 2 articles (01/2021 - 01/2021)
9.	Cortez, Melissa M: 2 articles (01/2021 - 01/2021)
10.	Digre, Kathleen B: 2 articles (01/2021 - 01/2021)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Arachnoiditis:

1.	Iophendylate (Iofendylate)FDA Link 04/01/1976 - "Chronic arachnoiditis after a pantopaque study of the posterior fossa." 08/01/1966 - "Experimental studies of pantopaque arachnoiditis. " 08/01/1966 - "Experimental studies of pantopaque arachnoiditis. " 08/01/1966 - "Experimental studies of pantopaque arachnoiditis. " 01/01/2014 - "History of myelography with pantopaque contributing to arachnoiditis."
2.	MetrizamideFDA Link 01/01/1977 - "The advantages of myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) are so great in terms of improved diagnostic accuracy, no withdrawal of contrast medium and reduced incidence of arachnoiditis that it is firmly believed that this technique will soon replace oily myelography as standard practice, at least for the lumbar and thoracic regions." 02/17/1978 - "Remyelography after an interval of longer than 2 months showed that in one case there was progression of an arachnoiditis which had already been present during the first Amipaque study. " 01/01/1988 - "Measurement of trigeminal cistern volume at the first and second procedure with metrizamide showed a significant decrease in the cistern volume from 0.38 ml to 0.29 ml. Clumping of nerve roots indicative of arachnoiditis was observed in 4 cases. " 01/01/1987 - "Metrizamide myelogram on admission revealed the findings of adhesive arachnoiditis. " 05/01/1983 - "On immediate and/or delayed CT scans, metrizamide accumulation within the central part of the cord was identified, both at and above the level of the arachnoiditis. "
3.	tenoxicamIBA 08/01/2011 - "The purpose of this experimental study was to determine the efficacy of tenoxicam in preventing arachnoiditis in rats. " 08/01/2011 - "However, statistically significant difference was not found in arachnoiditis between the control group and the tenoxicam group. " 08/01/2011 - "The results showed that 6 weeks after surgery, the tenoxicam group showed lowest arachnoiditis grades. " 08/01/2011 - "Based on these findings it is concluded that application of the tenoxicam after lumbar laminectomy did not effectively reduce arachnoiditis. " 08/01/2011 - "Evaluation of tenoxicam on prevention of arachnoiditis in rat laminectomy model."
4.	Morphine (MS Contin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1996 - "To ascertain the efficacy of the morphine pump, we reviewed the 2-year results of continuous INA in 18 patients with failed back syndrome or arachnoiditis and intractable, debilitating pain that was unrelieved by conventional means. " 06/01/1994 - "An implantable, externally programmable infusion pump was used for intraspinal delivery of morphine sulfate to 15 patients with intractable pain from reflex sympathetic dystrophy, arachnoiditis after spinal surgery, or an unknown cause. " 11/01/1989 - "Intraventricular or epidural injection of morphine through implantable infusion devices was used for severe pain in 50 patients with advanced cancer, arachnoiditis, or spinal injury. " 04/01/2015 - "Aseptic arachnoiditis in a patient treated with intrathecal morphine infusion: symptom resolution on switch to ziconotide." 01/01/1982 - "Elevated cerebrospinal fluid substance P in arachnoiditis is reduced by systemic administration of morphine."
5.	MethylprednisoloneFDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1978 - "Prophylactic intrathecal methylprednisolone was not effective in preventing arachnoiditis. " 10/01/1988 - "No apparent protection against Pantopaque arachnoiditis was provided by either intrathecal or intramuscular methylprednisolone. " 07/01/2020 - "A final diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis with tuberculous arachnoiditis was considered and she was administered ATT, pulse methylprednisolone followed by maintenance oral corticosteroids. " 05/17/2022 - "We propose that, in addition to anti-tubercular therapy, high-dose corticosteroids such as pulse methylprednisolone may result in a meaningful improvement and show greater rapidity of response in cases of severe central nervous system inflammation such as arachnoiditis or myelopathy." 07/15/1997 - "In Australia, reports of possible adverse effects of Depo-Medrol (methylprednisolone), including the complication of arachnoiditis, have been followed by statements from the manufacturers of commonly used steroid preparations recommending they should not be administered epidurally. "
6.	KaolinIBA 02/29/2020 - "PTS was induced by computer-controlled impact (75 kDyn) to the spinal cord between C6 and C8, followed by a subarachnoid injection of kaolin to produce focal arachnoiditis. " 06/10/2012 - "We prepared an animal model of spinal adhesive arachnoiditis by injecting kaolin into the subarachnoid space at the eighth thoracic vertebra of rabbits. " 10/01/1987 - "Histologic examination revealed moderate to severe arachnoiditis in the kaolin-treated animals and no evidence of arachnoid abnormalities in the controls. " 01/01/1975 - "These results suggest that in addition to kaolin-induced arachnoiditis, increased intraluminal pressure is necessary to enlarge the central canal." 01/01/1975 - "Kaolin-induced arachnoiditis completely obstructed communication between the ventricles and the cranial subarachnoid space. "
7.	Detergents (Detergent)IBA 07/01/1955 - "Adhesive arachnoiditis and vascular blockage caused by detergents and other chemical irritants: an experimental study." 05/01/1955 - "Adhesive arachnoiditis and vascular blockage caused by detergents and other chemical irritants; an experimental study." 01/01/1954 - "Role of intrathecal detergents in pathogenesis of adhesive arachnoiditis." 07/01/1988 - "(4) When that glycol, which is both alcohol and detergent, is injected intraspinally, sterile meningitis, arachnoiditis, or pachymeningitis will occur. " 01/01/2003 - "Regarding regional anesthesia in the neuroaxis, arachnoiditis has resulted from epidural abscesses, traumatic punctures (blood), local anesthetics, detergents, antiseptics or other substances unintentionally injected into the spinal canal. "
8.	Iohexol (Omnipaque)FDA Link 07/01/1982 - "Experimental study of arachnoiditis from iohexol, an investigational nonionic aqueous contrast medium." 07/01/1982 - "No significant evidence of arachnoiditis was seen in any of the eight animals examined with iohexol." 06/01/1993 - "The use of adsorbable, nonirritative contrast materials such as Iohexol Parenteral will result in a marked reduction in the frequency of occurrence of arachnoiditis." 10/01/1988 - "We found no histologic evidence of arachnoiditis in animals examined with iopamidol and iohexol." 01/01/1985 - "Under adverse conditions, high doses and high concentrations of iohexol produced little arachnoiditis, while metrizamide produced mild to moderate arachnoiditis. "
9.	Contrast MediaIBA 05/01/2001 - "The reported incidence of clinically significant arachnoiditis following oil-based contrast media myelography is approximately 1%. " 02/01/1995 - "It was concluded that arachnoiditis does occur after extradural lumbar disc surgery independently of the use of some myelographic contrast media, and that it may be diffuse or confined only to the operated level. " 02/01/1995 - "Myelography using oil-based or ionic water-soluble contrast media was a major contributing factor, and it was not possible to distinguish the prevalence of arachnoiditis probably due to surgery alone. " 02/01/1994 - "Few descriptive reports are available of the myelographic appearance, with water-soluble contrast media, in tuberculous radioculomyelitis (arachnoiditis). " 09/01/1992 - "Chronic lumbar arachnoiditis has numerous causes, including the introduction of contrast media into the lumbar subarachnoid space. "
10.	SteroidsIBA 03/01/1986 - "An attempt has been made to develop a chronic inflammatory arachnoiditis model in the rat to study the influence of subarachnoid or epidural steroids. " 12/01/2013 - "A few reports of chemical and infective arachnoiditis exist following lumbar epidural anaesthesia, but none following a caudal epidural steroid injection.We" 03/01/2012 - "Side effects from the intrathecal treatment were most likely related to arachnoiditis despite prolonged prophylaxis with steroids. " 03/03/1984 - "The literature on the aetiology and symptomatology of steroid-induced arachnoiditis is reviewed." 03/03/1984 - "Steroid-induced arachnoiditis."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/1951 - "[2 New observations on facial hemispasm cured by surgical therapy of arachnoiditis of the cerebellopontile angle]." 01/01/1977 - "The convened studies confirm the effectiveness of resorptive therapy, thus permitting to recommend this form of therapy for the treatment of patients with arachnoiditis (leptomeningitis)." 06/01/2014 - "The risk of adhesive arachnoiditis should be considered when this therapy is planned. " 01/01/1978 - "The technique is currently the best available for the treatment of the patient suffering from the chronic low back syndrome with severe arachnoiditis, for whom no definitive therapy is available. " 09/01/1976 - "[Value of rheoencephalography in the diagnosis of chronic fibrosing cerebral arachnoiditis and several questions concerning therapy]."
2.	Debridement 12/01/2022 - "Magendie's foramen debridement and catheterisation for the treatment of syringomyelia due to diffuse craniocervical junction arachnoiditis. " 03/01/1989 - "It appears, however, that adequate debridement of these injuries, performed as soon as the patient is stable from any associated injuries, may help to mitigate the late sequelae of arachnoiditis, infection, and pain syndromes in the lower extremities."
3.	Conservative Treatment 01/01/1950 - "[Case of opticochiasmal arachnoiditis cured by conservative therapy]." 01/01/1994 - "Results obtained after wide decompression were poor in all of the cases with arachnoiditis; in these patients conservative treatment with T.E.N.S. "
4.	Ventriculostomy 07/01/2016 - "The purpose of this work is to elucidate the efficacy of endoscopic basal cisterns exploration, biopsy, and third ventriculostomy (ETV) in patients with basal cistern meningitis and arachnoiditis. "
5.	Psychology Biofeedback (Biofeedback) 11/01/1990 - "[Efficacy of electroencephalographic biofeedback in autonomovascular dystonia and cerebral arachnoiditis]."