Apamin

A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

Networked: 151 relevant articles (4 outcomes, 21 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Park, Kwan-Kyu: 11 articles (01/2021 - 02/2010)
2.	Chen, Peng-Sheng: 10 articles (01/2020 - 01/2013)
3.	Lin, Shien-Fong: 9 articles (01/2020 - 01/2013)
4.	Chen, Zhenhui: 6 articles (01/2020 - 01/2013)
5.	Shen, Changyu: 6 articles (01/2020 - 04/2013)
6.	Weiss, James N: 6 articles (01/2019 - 04/2013)
7.	Chang, Po-Cheng: 6 articles (10/2015 - 01/2013)
8.	Han, Sang-Mi: 6 articles (07/2015 - 01/2012)
9.	An, Hyun-Jin: 5 articles (01/2021 - 08/2012)
10.	Everett, Thomas H: 5 articles (01/2020 - 10/2015)

Related Diseases

1.	Hypoxia (Hypoxemia) 11/01/2001 - "In the presence of apamin, the hypoxia-evoked change in K(+) currents was largely eliminated. " 04/01/2000 - "Apamin, however, eliminated the hypoxia-induced depolarization (400 nM) (7/8), suggesting that hypoxic depolarization is related to the suppression of I(SK(Ca). " 04/01/2000 - "This suppression was eliminated after application of apamin (400 nM), a selective inhibitor of small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ current (I(SK)(Ca)) (n=5), suggesting that an apamin-sensitive component of whole-cell currents is suppressed during hypoxia. " 10/22/2010 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of apamin, a selective blocker of SK(Ca) channels, on the repeated brief hypoxia-induced posthypoxic hyperexcitability and rapid hypoxic preconditioning in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro. " 01/01/2021 - "Apamin attenuates APD shortening, Ca2+ handling abnormalities, and Cai/Vm uncoupling, leading to inhibition of VA occurrence in hypoxic hypertrophied hearts.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrated that hypoxia-induced ventricular arrhythmias were mainly initiated by Ca2+-loaded triggered activities in hypertrophied hearts. "
2.	Inflammation (Inflammations) 12/03/2020 - "Taken together, these results suggest that apamin ameliorates LPS-induced renal injury through inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells, and inflammation. " 05/17/2023 - "Our results suggest that apamin dampens APAP-evoked hepatotoxicity through inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation." 07/15/2020 - "Apamin from bee venom suppresses inflammation in a murine model of gouty arthritis." 01/01/2012 - "LPS-induced THP-1-derived macrophage inflammation treated with apamin reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and intracellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, as well as the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. "
3.	Infarction (Infarctions) 01/01/2013 - "We found that L-serine treatment: 1) reduced the neurological deficit score, infarct volume and cortical neuron loss in a dose-dependent manner; 2) improved CBF in the cortex, and this effect was inhibited in the presence of apamin plus charybdotoxin while the alleviation of both neurological deficit score and infarct volume was blocked; and 3) increased the amount of L-serine and D-serine in the cortex, and inhibition of the conversion of L-serine into D-serine by aminooxyacetic acid did not affect the reduction of neurological deficit score and infarct volume by L-serine. "
4.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis) 01/01/2021 - "This study showed that apamin inhibits UUO-induced renal fibrosis in vivo and TGF-β1-induced renal fibroblasts activation in vitro. " 05/01/2017 - "In the present study, we aimed to ascertain whether apamin inhibits biliary fibrosis and the proliferation of HSCs. " 07/18/2014 - "In the present study, we investigated the anti-fibrosis or anti-EMT mechanism by examining the effect of apamin on TGF-β1-induced hepatocytes. " 01/01/2021 - "Apamin has the anti-fibrotic effect on renal fibrosis via regulation of TGF-β1 canonical and non-canonical signaling." 01/01/2021 - "These results suggest that apamin might be a potential therapeutic agent for renal fibrosis. "
5.	Ventricular Fibrillation 01/01/2018 - "After apamin, the CM model had increased ventricular fibrillation (VF) inducibility (paced vs control: 33/40 (82.5%) vs 7/20 (35%); P <.001) and longer VF durations (124 vs 26 seconds; P <.001). " 10/13/2015 - "Apamin significantly facilitated the induction of sustained ventricular fibrillation (from 3 of 9 hearts to 9 of 9 hearts; P=0.009). " 04/01/2013 - "During ventricular fibrillation in failing ventricles, the number of phase singularities (baseline versus apamin, 4.0 versus 2.5), dominant frequency (13.0 versus 10.0 Hz), and ventricular fibrillation duration (160 versus 80 s) were all significantly (P<0.05) decreased by apamin. " 04/01/2013 - "We hypothesize that apamin can flatten action potential duration restitution (APDR) curve and can reduce ventricular fibrillation duration in failing ventricles. " 12/01/2015 - "Recent studies have shown that the sensitivity of apamin-sensitive K(+) current (I KAS, mediated by apamin-sensitive small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels subunits) to intracellular Ca(2+) is increased in heart failure (HF), leading to I KAS upregulation, action potential duration shortening, early after depolarization, and recurrent spontaneous ventricular fibrillation. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Charybdotoxin (ChTX)
2.	Serine (L-Serine)
3.	Aminooxyacetic Acid
4.	Peptides (Polypeptides)
5.	Bee Venoms (Bee Venom)
6.	Melitten (Melittin)
7.	Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels (SK Potassium Channels)
8.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)
9.	4-Aminopyridine (4 Aminopyridine)
10.	Neurotoxins

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy)
2.	Therapeutics
3.	Injections