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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)

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A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

Also Known As:

ACE Inhibitors; Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Antagonists; Antagonists, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme; Antagonists, Kininase II; Inhibitors, ACE; Inhibitors, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme; Inhibitors, Kininase II; Kininase II Antagonists; Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Antagonists; Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antagonists, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme; Enzyme Antagonists, Angiotensin-Converting; Enzyme Inhibitors, Angiotensin-Converting; Inhibitors, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme; Kininase II Inhibitors

Networked: 8700 relevant articles (826 outcomes, 1448 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Chemical Actions and Uses
- Pharmacologic Actions: 56
  - Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action: 7
    - Enzyme Inhibitors: 685
      - Protease Inhibitors: 4307
        Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: 8700

Experts

1.	Yusuf, Salim: 32 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Aronow, Wilbert S: 32 articles (01/2015 - 05/2002)
3.	Remuzzi, Giuseppe: 27 articles (03/2015 - 04/2002)
4.	Fonarow, Gregg C: 23 articles (03/2014 - 01/2002)
5.	Ahmed, Ali: 23 articles (07/2013 - 07/2002)
6.	Bakris, George L: 20 articles (04/2012 - 01/2002)
7.	Swedberg, Karl: 19 articles (05/2015 - 07/2003)
8.	Ruggenenti, Piero: 18 articles (12/2012 - 04/2002)
9.	Sica, Domenic A: 18 articles (04/2010 - 01/2002)
10.	Ferrari, Roberto: 17 articles (12/2015 - 12/2004)

Related Diseases

1.	Heart Failure 11/01/2000 - "Although most primary care physicians stated they prescribe ACE inhibitors in heart failure, this was for only 47-62% of patients, and at doses below those identified as effective in trials. " 10/02/1990 - "An understanding of the renal effects of ACE inhibitors permits their safe and effective use in most patients with congestive heart failure." 02/01/2000 - "Although angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are recommended as first line therapy in patients with chronic heart failure, the target doses proven to be effective in major morbidity and mortality trials (e.g. " 12/01/1997 - "Several studies document an underuse of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) in heart failure (HF) patients, despite their proven efficacy and good tolerability. " 12/01/2002 - "Given the dramatic decline in quality of life with heart failure, this end-point should be a much more important target for healthcare interventions, especially treatments such as ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers that are shown to improve quality of life."
2.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) 03/01/2000 - "Are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors the best treatment for hypertension in type 2 diabetes?" 09/01/2006 - "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to provide excellent organ protection in hypertension, and may show dose-dependent protective effects. " 08/01/2001 - "Inasmuch as AT1 receptor antagonists have proven themselves the equals of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors with respect to antihypertensive efficacy, but demonstrated better safety profiles, this class of drugs may be considered to be a qualitative improvement in the treatment of essential hypertension. " 01/01/1997 - "Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE-I) have been very effective in treating hypertension. " 04/01/1990 - "The ACE inhibitors are assuming a dominant role in our therapeutic armamentarium, in that they are well-tolerated and very effective in the treatment of mild, moderate or severe hypertension."
3.	Myocardial Infarction 08/01/1996 - "Most clinical trials of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors after myocardial infarction have shown an improved outcome with reduction of morbidity and mortality. " 06/01/2000 - "ACE inhibitors have shown beneficial results in several studies after myocardial infarction (MI). " 03/01/2000 - "The results of major clinical trials leave us in no doubt that ACE inhibitors are useful in the treatment of patients after myocardial infarction. " 07/06/1998 - "The SAVE trial specifically evaluated the effects on post-myocardial infarction mortality and remodeling and found that ACE inhibitors were effective in reducing both. " 01/01/2008 - "Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) are effective in reducing mortality and preventing left ventricular (LV) function deterioration after myocardial infarction. "
4.	Proteinuria 05/01/2012 - "Highly active anti-retroviral therapy in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme antagonists is highly effective in decreasing proteinuria and preserving renal function." 01/01/2009 - "One obtained complete remission, two had positive dipstick proteinuria and two needed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors to stay normotensive. " 04/01/1992 - "Patients with recurrent FGS who were treated with ACE inhibitors benefited from a significant reduction of proteinuria. " 01/01/2008 - "Reduction in proteinuria from ARBs and ACE inhibitors is similar, but their combination is more effective than either drug alone. " 05/22/1995 - "In 14 randomized controlled trials, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors caused a greater decrease in proteinuria (pooled mean [95% confidence intervals], -0.51[-0.68 to -0.35], ln [treatment/control]), improvement in glomerular filtration rate (0.13 mL/min per month [0.10 to 0.16 mL/min per month]), and decline in mean arterial pressure (-4.0 mm Hg [-4.9 to -3.0 mm Hg]) compared with controls. "
5.	Stroke (Strokes) 09/01/2007 - "One trial (PROGRESS) compared Asians with non-Asians, reporting that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (vs placebo) were equally effective for preventing stroke in both groups. " 01/01/2005 - "Recent trials suggest that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are effective in prevention of ischemic stroke, as measured by reduced stroke incidence. " 11/01/2002 - "On the other hand, recent observations demonstrated that also ACE inhibitors and ARB are effective in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke, although these studies did not directly compare these compounds with CCB. " 07/01/2009 - "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) are effective for BP control and stroke protection, but their use may be limited by patient tolerability. " 09/01/2010 - "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) have shown promising results in decreasing the incidence and the severity of ischemic stroke in populations at risk and in improving ischemic stroke outcomes. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)
2.	Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists
3.	Diuretics
4.	Calcium
5.	Angiotensin II
6.	Calcium Channel Blockers (Blockers, Calcium Channel)
7.	Digoxin (Digitek)
8.	Antihypertensive Agents (Antihypertensives)
9.	Captopril (Capoten)
10.	Enalapril

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant)
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients)
4.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
5.	Kidney Transplantation