Pernicious Anemia

A megaloblastic anemia occurring in children but more commonly in later life, characterized by histamine-fast achlorhydria, in which the laboratory and clinical manifestations are based on malabsorption of vitamin B 12 due to a failure of the gastric mucosa to secrete adequate and potent intrinsic factor. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 970 relevant articles (16 outcomes, 66 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Anemia
2.	Gastritis
3.	Duodenal Ulcer (Curling's Ulcer)
4.	Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (Syndrome, Zollinger-Ellison)
5.	Stomach Ulcer (Gastric Ulcer)

Experts

1.	Andrès, Emmanuel: 9 articles (07/2014 - 04/2004)
2.	Kaltenbach, Georges: 7 articles (01/2013 - 11/2002)
3.	Annibale, Bruno: 6 articles (10/2015 - 09/2005)
4.	Carmel, Ralph: 5 articles (07/2012 - 04/2003)
5.	Andrès, E: 5 articles (02/2009 - 11/2000)
6.	Lahner, Edith: 4 articles (12/2014 - 09/2005)
7.	Vogel, Thomas: 3 articles (07/2015 - 01/2008)
8.	Andres, Emmanuel: 3 articles (07/2015 - 11/2002)
9.	Ciobanu, Ecaterina: 3 articles (12/2010 - 01/2008)
10.	Rosenberg, Irwin H: 3 articles (06/2010 - 01/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pernicious Anemia:

1.	Vitamin B 12 (Cyanocobalamin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2005 - "It has been suggested that high-dose (>2000 μg/d) oral cyanocobalamin may be effective in patients with pernicious anemia. " 09/01/1998 - "High dose oral cobalamin therapy was shown to be effective for pernicious anemia and other cobalamin deficiency states 30 years ago, and physicians and patients state that they would find oral therapy useful, but a survey conducted in 1989 found that physicians were generally unaware of it. " 06/01/2003 - "Our findings suggest that crystalline cyanocobalamin, 250-1000 microg/day, given orally for 1 month, may be an effective treatment for cobalamin deficiencies not related to pernicious anemia." 11/01/1949 - "Vitamin B12 effective in pernicious anemia with combined system disease and liver sensitivity." 01/01/1983 - "[Case of pernicious anemia with immunodeficiency, improved after administration of vitamin B12]."
2.	Intrinsic FactorFDA Link 10/01/1985 - "It is reasonable to presume that this assay is clinically useful for detection of intrinsic factor blocking antibody in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia, if false positive results due to B12 medication are excluded." 01/01/1983 - "Gastric juice in congenital pernicious anemia contains no immunoreactive intrinsic factor molecule: study of three kindreds with variable ages at presentation, including a patient first diagnosed in adulthood." 03/01/1964 - "[STUDY OF A CASE OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA IN A CHILD WITH NORMAL "INTRINSIC FACTOR" ACTIVITY IN ITS GASTRIC JUICE]." 10/26/1963 - "[FURTHER STUDY ON INTRINSIC FACTOR-INHIBITING ACTIVITY IN THE SERUM OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA PATIENTS]." 10/27/1962 - "[Studies on an intrinsic factor-inhibiting substance in the serum of patients with pernicious anemia]."
3.	Folic Acid (Vitamin M)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1997 - "Controlled trials should take place before widespread food supplementation with folate is carried out on a large scale because of the possibility of outbreaks of permanent B12-related neurologic damage in those with undiagnosed pernicious anemia. " 12/01/1948 - "[Folic acid in the treatment of nervous syndrome of pernicious anemia; study of the behavior of the vibration sensitivity]." 11/01/1947 - "Study of folic acid for maintenance therapy in pernicious anemia." 02/01/1947 - "Folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) studies; hematologic remissions in pernicious anemia." 02/01/2011 - "However, it is only in the severely malabsorptive disorders, such as pernicious anemia, not subclinical deficiency, that neurologic deterioration following folic acid therapy has been described to date. "
4.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/1977 - "In another study conducted on patients with pernicious anemia, the antibodies obtained from their sera reacted differently to the hog and rat IF; some reacted identically to homologous and heterologous IF others were less and even not effective on the heterologous IF. " 11/01/2013 - "Anti-parietal cell (APC) antibodies and pernicious anemia (PA) were evaluated in patients with type 1 diabetes (n=75) and in controls. " 05/01/2013 - "Do all the patients with gastric parietal cell antibodies have pernicious anemia?" 11/01/2005 - "In patients with pernicious anemia, measurement of anti-IF antibodies has high specificity (95%); however, measurement of anti-parietal cells antibodies has low specificity. " 12/01/2003 - "with parietal cell antibodies and/or with pernicious anemia), H. "
5.	GastrinsIBA 04/01/2009 - "Correspondence (letter to the editor): Gastrin levels in pernicious anemia." 09/01/2006 - "The prevalence of pernicious anemia as assessed by high serum gastrin levels in patients with low B12 was 31%. " 03/01/1997 - "In the antrum of patients with pernicious anemia, Gly-gastrins, particularly G34Gly, are biosynthetic intermediates and not major secretory products. " 03/01/1997 - "Gastrin biosynthesis in the antrum of patients with pernicious anemia." 02/01/1994 - "The pernicious anemia patients had significantly higher fasting plasma gastrin concentrations with a median (range) of 640 (420-3500) pmol/liter compared with 5 (2-58) pmol/liter, P < 0.001. "
6.	Liver ExtractsIBA 12/01/1948 - "Further refinement of liver extracts effective in pernicious anemia." 12/01/1949 - "A preliminary study of the relationship between Lactobacillus lactis Dorner response and clinical anti-pernicious anemia activity of liver extracts." 01/01/1951 - "[Protein metabolism in pernicious anemia treated with liver extracts]." 09/28/1950 - "[Maintenance therapy of pernicious anemia with liver extracts]." 10/11/1948 - "Response of dogs to liver extracts containing the pernicious anemia factor."
7.	Prothrombin (Factor II)IBA 10/01/2002 - "A diagnostic workup revealed pulmonary emboli, pernicious anemia (PA), hyperhomocysteinemia, and a G20210A prothrombin gene mutation. " 01/01/1954 - "Prothrombin in cryptogenetic pernicious anemia and pernicious tapeworm anemia and its response to treatment." 01/01/2000 - "Mesenteric venous thrombosis revealing both factor II G20212A mutation and hyperhomocysteinemia related to pernicious anemia." 07/01/1954 - "Studies of prothrombin and proconvertin (SPCA); concentrations in plasma of patients with pernicious anemia in remission, treated with vitamin B12."
8.	Factor VII (Proconvertin)IBA 07/01/1954 - "Studies of prothrombin and proconvertin (SPCA); concentrations in plasma of patients with pernicious anemia in remission, treated with vitamin B12."
9.	Pepsinogen A (Pepsinogen)IBA 09/01/2005 - "Serum pepsinogen I: an early marker of pernicious anemia in patients with type 1 diabetes." 10/01/1988 - "Pepsinogen (PG) I and PG II levels were determined in sera from 147 patients with pernicious anemia. " 09/01/1955 - "[Uropepsinogen method in diagnosis of pernicious anemia]." 02/01/1991 - "All patients with pernicious anemia had low levels of pepsinogen A, a product of the gastric chief and mucous neck cells (median, 8.5 micrograms/l; reference range, 10-90 percentile, 64.4-195.5 micrograms/l), and elevated serum gastrin values (greater than 55 pmol/l) were found in 87%. " 10/01/1988 - "Serum gastrin level exceeded 200 ng/L in 90% of patients with pernicious anemia and was second to pepsinogen abnormality in diagnostic sensitivity. "
10.	Transcobalamins (Transcobalamin II)IBA 11/01/1985 - "Partly degraded R binder in pernicious anemia gastric juice was resistant to further proteolysis. " 01/01/1983 - "An unexpected incidental finding, contrasting with this observation in congenital pernicious anemia, was immunologic evidence that a previously described patient with familial R binder deficiency clearly elaborated an abnormal R binder molecule." 01/01/1988 - "Because of the higher "analogue" levels, the assay done with R binder failed to register low cobalamin levels in 33 of 76 patients with low cobalamin levels and primarily neurologic abnormality (compared with only two of 19 with hematologic abnormality) and in 10 of 20 patients with pernicious anemia who had neurologic abnormalities (compared with only two of 12 without such abnormalities). " 11/01/1985 - "We found in four of five pernicious anemia gastric juices a partly degraded R binder which was cobalamin specific and has an apparent molecular weight of 60-70,000 daltons. " 11/01/1985 - "Cobalamin-specific R binder in pernicious anemia gastric juice: production by digestive enzyme action on saliva R binder."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections 03/01/2001 - "Additional studies documented pernicious anemia, which was treated with cobalamin (vitamin B12) injections. " 01/01/2009 - "After the diagnosis of pernicious anemia was made, therapeutic injections of vitamin B(12 )were started. " 05/01/1975 - "Another patient was receiving monthly injections of cyanocobalamin for previously diagnosed pernicious anemia. " 02/01/1998 - "We report here a case of a 65 year old woman who had been diagnosed as having pernicious anemia 16 months previously, was receiving monthly vitamin B12 injections, and developed early gastric cancer type IIa by routine follow-up gastroscopic examination. " 10/01/2006 - "Although randomized prospective studies have shown that pernicious anemia can be safely treated with oral vitamin B12 even in the absence of intrinsic factor, it is still common practice to treat patients with neurological symptoms with intramuscular cyancobalamin injections. "
2.	Gastrectomy 01/01/2010 - "high intake of salt-preserved foods), smoking, pernicious anemia and a history of partial gastrectomy." 06/01/1997 - "It achieves a prognosis similar to that of total gastrectomy and prevents pernicious anemia. " 06/01/1957 - "[Pernicious anemia after subtotal gastrectomy]." 01/08/1955 - "[Pernicious anemia and partial gastrectomy]." 01/22/1954 - "[Pernicious anemia appearing after sub-total gastrectomy]."
3.	Oral Administration 12/20/1955 - "Further observations on the oral administration of Co60 vitamin B12 to normal persons, patients with pernicious anemia, and subjects with various medical disorders." 11/01/1953 - "Oral administration of Co60 vitamin B12 to normal persons, patients with pernicious anemia, and subjects with various medical disorders." 03/01/1953 - "Oral administration CO60 vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia." 01/01/1950 - "Oral administration of vitamin B 12 in pernicious tapeworm anemia; diphyllobothrium latum and pernicious anemia, XII." 03/01/1969 - "Urinary excretion of (60)Co radioactivity in pernicious anemia patients after oral administration of (60)Co-vitamin B(12) bound to freshly prepared (125)I-labeled IF was similar to that obtained with noniodinated intrinsic factor. "
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/1969 - "Peripheral nerve function in pernicious anemia before and after treatment." 02/28/1963 - "[Cytogenetic analysis of a case of pernicious anemia before and after treatment]." 10/20/1962 - "[Cytogenetic research in pernicious anemia after treatment]." 07/01/1963 - "Development of polycythemia vera after treatment for pernicious anemia: report of a case." 06/06/1954 - "[New observation of pernicious anemia with syndrome of intermittent claudication and effort angina disappearing after treatment of the anemia]."
5.	Vagotomy 04/01/1997 - "However, the magnitude of hypergastrinemia associated with the administration of proton pump inhibitors is comparable to that observed after vagotomy and is 3- to 6-fold lower than that observed with pernicious anemia. " 01/01/1993 - "In our patients with pernicious anemia, as a result of hypo or achlorhydria, serum gastrin increase was higher than in any other cause of hypochlorhydria: anti-acid treatment, vagotomy ... " 05/01/1992 - "In our patients with pernicious anemia, as a result of hypo or achlorhydria, serum gastrin increase was higher than in any other cause of hypochlohydria: anti-acid treatment, vagotomy... "