Hypochromic Anemia (Chlorosis)

Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)

Also Known As:

Networked: 765 relevant articles (14 outcomes, 38 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Magnesium Deficiency (Deficiency, Magnesium)
2.	Giardiasis
3.	Necrosis
4.	Infection
5.	Iron-Deficiency Anemia (Anemia, Iron Deficiency)

Experts

1.	Lucena, Juan J: 14 articles (01/2014 - 01/2002)
2.	Harteveld, Cornelis L: 7 articles (08/2010 - 08/2004)
3.	Giordano, Piero C: 7 articles (08/2010 - 08/2004)
4.	Shoemaker, Randy C: 6 articles (01/2014 - 01/2007)
5.	Hernández-Apaolaza, Lourdes: 6 articles (12/2013 - 12/2010)
6.	Beaumont, Carole: 6 articles (06/2013 - 04/2002)
7.	Abadía, Javier: 6 articles (01/2013 - 12/2003)
8.	Uppalapati, Srinivasa Rao: 6 articles (03/2012 - 04/2005)
9.	Sierra, Miguel A: 6 articles (07/2010 - 01/2002)
10.	Graham, Michelle A: 5 articles (01/2014 - 01/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypochromic Anemia:

1.	IronIBA 07/14/2010 - "This new chelating agent may be effective in correcting iron chlorosis in plants." 11/01/1960 - "[On the therapeutic efficacy in hypochromic anemia of a preparation with iron chelate base. " 02/01/2011 - "Eucalyptus LS modifications improve its efficacy for iron chlorosis recovery to levels similar to those found for the spruce LS. " 01/01/2013 - "Our study highlights differential iron deficiency associated chlorosis between B73 and Mo17 and represents a valuable resource for differentially expressed genes upon iron limitation and chlorosis response. " 01/01/2013 - "In this study, a recently developed high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) platform was used to investigate the structure and diversity of genetic introgressions in two classical soybean NIL populations, respectively varying in protein content and iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) susceptibility. "
2.	CopperIBA 03/01/2003 - "Likewise, Pécholier and Saint-Pierre, observing the robust health of young women working in copper factories, concluded that copper was helpful in preventing and overcoming chlorosis. " 07/01/2011 - "vesiculosus resulting in chlorosis and reduced seaweed growth; 5 mg L⁻¹ copper caused an inhibition of the photosynthesis and the degradation of seaweed tips. " 03/01/2003 - "From his chemical determination of copper in red blood cells in 1848, Millon proposed a form of chlorosis due to copper deficiency. " 09/01/1992 - "Copper deficiency is known to result in a microcytic, hypochromic anemia. " 06/01/1967 - "[Copper metabolism in dogs following gastrectomy and resection of various portions of the stomach (regarding the pathogenesis of hypochromic anemia)]."
3.	NitrogenIBA 01/01/1998 - "These studies demonstrate that low-temperature-induced chlorosis of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 is caused by nitrogen limitation and is not the result of limited photosynthetic activity or photodamage to the photosynthetic apparatus, and that nitrogen assimilation is an important aspect of the low-temperature physiology of cyanobacteria." 01/01/2015 - "Nitrogen deficiency caused chlorosis followed by purple color in the old leaves, while P deficiency caused only chlorosis in old leaves. " 01/01/2012 - "The decrease in growth rate coupled to bleaching indicates that BMAA may induce chlorosis in the presence of adequate photosynthetic radiation suggesting a connection between BMAA and the induction of conditions, such as nitrogen or sulphur depletion, that result in growth arrest and the induction of chlorosis." 03/01/2004 - "The reduced ability of the extreme transgenic line Sg3 to recycle internal nitrogen from senescing lower leaves accounted for significant chlorosis in emerging younger leaves when plants were grown in low nutrient conditions. " 09/01/1998 - "tropici glnD gene in chlorosis induction in plants, a process that is nitrogen regulated, suggest that glnD plays a role in nitrogen sensing in R. "
4.	CadmiumIBA 10/01/2015 - "Here, we found that the exogenous Glu improved root and shoot growth, reduced shoot cadmium (Cd) concentration, and rescued Cd-induced chlorosis in Arabidopsis thaliana (Columbia ecotype, Col-0) under Cd stressed conditions. " 04/01/2013 - "Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plants causing growth reduction and chlorosis. " 11/01/2011 - "Cadmium (Cd) in plants interrupts numerous metabolic processes and reduces the water and nutrient uptake that cause chlorosis, growth retardation, and ultimately plant death. " 04/01/2001 - "(oilseed rape) was grown from seeds on a reconstituted soil contaminated with cadmium (100 mg Cd kg-1 dry soil), resulting in a marked chlorosis of the leaves which was investigated using a combination of biochemical, biophysical and physiological methods. " 04/01/2001 - "Leaf chlorosis in oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus) grown on cadmium-polluted soil: causes and consequences for photosynthesis and growth."
5.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 11/01/2008 - "Fertilized plants exhibited a significantly greater pre- to post-treatment decline in A at saturated [CO(2)] and a significantly lower level of post-treatment chlorosis than unfertilized plants. " 09/01/2011 - "Rapid discrimination of Tomato chlorosis virus, Tomato infectious chlorosis virus and co-amplification of plant internal control using real-time RT-PCR." 03/01/2010 - "On the other hand, plantlets on Kyoto medium grown in 10,000 micromol mol(-1) CO(2) under high PPFD had a higher photosynthetic rate than those on modified VW medium; no chlorosis was observed. " 09/01/2007 - "The appearance of a Delta K peak, coupled with growth inhibition, reduced ureide content, chlorosis and lower CO(2) assimilation rates, provides mechanistic information about how WPC might have aggravated chilling-stress symptoms in PAN809. " 04/01/2007 - "Three QTL for leaf chlorosis, two for leaf purpling, and two for frost damage co-localized with QTL for fresh matter yield. "
6.	ManganeseIBA 06/19/1925 - "MANGANESE AS A CURE FOR A CHLOROSIS OF SPINACH." 01/01/2009 - "Knockout of this gene resulted in leaf chlorosis, lower leaf Fe concentration, higher accumulation of zinc and manganese concentration in the leaves, and precipitation of Fe in the root's stele. " 12/15/1916 - "CHLOROSIS OF PINEAPPLES INDUCED BY MANGANESE AND CARBONATE OF LIME."
7.	SuspensionsIBA 07/01/2012 - "Nanosiderite suspensions applied at rates of ∼0.7 g Fe kg⁻¹ soil were highly effective in preventing iron chlorosis and have a great residual effect."
8.	Quinacrine (Mepacrine)IBA 01/01/1960 - "[On successful therapy with small doses of atabrine (according to Grott) of severe hypochromic anemia during the course of lambliasis]."
9.	Phosphotransferases (Kinase)IBA 01/01/2015 - "Expression of CaCIPK25 and its high active form differentially increased salt and water-deficit tolerance demonstrated by improved growth and reduced leaf chlorosis suggesting that the kinase activity of CaCIPK25 was required for these functions. "
10.	AcetyleneIBA 11/01/1992 - "On bean, the mutants were as efficient in nodulation and as effective in acetylene reduction as strain CIAT899, induced a severe interveinal chlorosis, and all but one were less competitive than CIAT899. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Blood Transfusion (Blood Transfusions) 01/01/2005 - "The patient reported that he had received a single blood transfusion in his youth and presented at intake with a severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. " 01/01/1956 - "[Effect of blood transfusion on higher nervous function in posthemorrhagic hypochromic anemia]." 03/01/2015 - "Patients on chronic hemodialysis have predominantly microcytic hypochromic anemia, with limited capacity for correction using blood transfusion." 03/01/2002 - "We report a 43-year-old Japanese woman with microcytic and hypochromic anemia, who had been erroneously diagnosed as having iron deficiency anemia 20 years previously at the time of her first labor, and treated with iron and blood transfusion. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 10/01/1976 - "It was not phytotoxic when inoculated into cherry leaves at concentrations up to I mg ml-1, but produced weak chlorosis in bean and tobacco at 2 mg ml-1: no visible symptoms appeared after treatment with lower concentrations. " 05/01/2011 - "Plants exposed to high nickel (1.0 and 10.0 ppm) showed visible toxicity symptoms, such as wilting, chlorosis in young leaves, browning of root tips and broken off roots, observed at 6 days after treatment. " 03/09/1963 - "[Erythremia in an infant after treatment of hypochromic anemia with iron]." 01/01/2007 - "Arabidopsis aconitase knockout (KO) plants were found to have significantly less chlorosis after treatment with the superoxide-generating compound, paraquat. "
3.	Intramuscular Injections 01/01/1958 - "[Treatment of hypochromic anemia in children with intramuscular injections of ferrodextran compound]." 10/01/1969 - "[Treatment of hypochromic anemia using intramuscular injections of an iron salt]." 07/01/1959 - "[Treatment of hypochromic anemias by intramuscular injection of iron. "
4.	Injections 06/01/2007 - "Furthermore, multiple injections with protein extract from biotype 2 induced the development of chlorosis, head trapping, and stunting in susceptible wheat. " 06/01/2005 - "However, 8 months after iron injections were discontinued, weh(Tp85c-/-) zebrafish developed hypochromic anemia and impaired erythroid maturation despite the persistence of iron-loaded macrophages and elevated hepatic nonheme iron stores. " 05/01/2007 - "With the use of injections of ferric solutions into the secondary stem of adult trees, ferric citrate corrected chlorosis but ferrous sulphate did not. "
5.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 03/01/2015 - "Patients on chronic hemodialysis have predominantly microcytic hypochromic anemia, with limited capacity for correction using blood transfusion." 08/01/1993 - "Effects of high-dose vitamin B6 therapy on microcytic and hypochromic anemia in hemodialysis patients." 01/01/1989 - "An excess of aluminum also appears to be an etiological factor in a microcytic, hypochromic anemia that occurs in some patients with chronic renal failure on long-term treatment with hemodialysis. " 08/01/1993 - "In an attempt to treat hemodialysis patients suffering from microscopic and hypochromic anemia (MHA) and who are either sufficient or deficient in serum ferritin level, we investigated the effects of oral administration of vitamin B6 (VB6). "