Hypochromic Anemia (Chlorosis)

Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)

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Networked: 1406 relevant articles (31 outcomes, 57 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Iron Deficiencies
2.	Necrosis
3.	Magnesium Deficiency (Deficiency, Magnesium)
4.	Hypoproteinemia
5.	Neoplasm Metastasis (Metastasis)

Experts

1.	Lucena, Juan J: 20 articles (01/2019 - 01/2002)
2.	Abadía, Javier: 9 articles (01/2018 - 12/2003)
3.	Hernández-Apaolaza, Lourdes: 8 articles (09/2017 - 01/2010)
4.	Fujita, Masayuki: 7 articles (11/2021 - 08/2013)
5.	López-Rayo, Sandra: 7 articles (01/2019 - 09/2009)
6.	Abadía, Anunciación: 7 articles (01/2016 - 12/2003)
7.	Abdelly, Chedly: 6 articles (01/2021 - 03/2007)
8.	Forchhammer, Karl: 6 articles (01/2021 - 03/2015)
9.	Beaumont, Carole: 6 articles (06/2013 - 04/2002)
10.	Uppalapati, Srinivasa Rao: 6 articles (03/2012 - 04/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypochromic Anemia:

1.	IronIBA 11/01/1960 - "[On the therapeutic efficacy in hypochromic anemia of a preparation with iron chelate base. " 02/01/2011 - "Eucalyptus LS modifications improve its efficacy for iron chlorosis recovery to levels similar to those found for the spruce LS. " 02/01/2022 - "Recent studies have shown that mild to moderate iron chlorosis can have positive effects on grape quality potential, including volatile profile. " 01/01/2016 - "In the present study, 101.14, a commonly used rootstock characterized by susceptibility to iron chlorosis was subjected to both Fe-absence and Fe-limiting conditions. " 05/01/2009 - "In this study, we demonstrate that, unlike its close homolog IRT1, IRT2 is not involved in iron absorption from the soil since overexpression of IRT2 does not rescue the iron uptake defect of irt1-1 mutant and since a null irt2 mutant shows no chlorosis in low iron. "
2.	ChlorophyllIBA 09/01/2013 - "In spite of multiple studies elucidating the regulatory pathways controlling chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthetic activity, little is known about the molecular mechanism regulating cold-induced chlorosis in higher plants. " 05/07/2023 - "The effects of different degrees of chlorosis (normal, mild, moderate and severe) on photosynthesis and the chlorophyll metabolism of leaves of Citrus cultivar (Harumi) were studied via field experiment. " 05/07/2023 - "Identification of Photosynthesis Characteristics and Chlorophyll Metabolism in Leaves of Citrus Cultivar (Harumi) with Varying Degrees of Chlorosis." 01/15/2023 - "More severe structural and ultrastructural damage was determined when V. natans exposed to ≥ 0.6 mg/L Al3+. In 1.2 and 1.5 mg/L Al3+ treatment groups, the total chlorophyll content of leaves significantly reduced 3.342, 3.838 mg/g FW, some leaves even exhibited chlorosis and fragility. " 01/01/2023 - "Noticeably, the transgenic seedlings showed alleviation of Fe deficiency symptoms, as evidenced by their less pronounced leaf chlorosis and lower declines in shoot growth, chlorophyll contents, and photosynthetic efficiency, as indicated by F v/F m and electron transport rate, compared to those in WT seedlings under Fe deficiency. "
3.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 01/01/2018 - "In this study, the coat protein (CP) was confirmed as the symptom determinant by exchanging the CP between a chlorosis inducing CMV-M strain and a green-mosaic inducing CMV-Q strain. " 09/29/2022 - "The protein localized to the cell membrane of Nicotiana benthamiana and regulated senescence-related genes, resulting in the chlorosis of N. " 01/06/2022 - "Chlorosis seedling lethality 1 encoding a MAP3K protein is essential for chloroplast development in rice." 01/01/2022 - "BBTV and alphasatellite clones infected dicot Nicotiana benthamiana, followed by recovery and symptomless persistence of alphasatellite, and BBTV replication protein (Rep), but not alphasatellite Rep, induced leaf chlorosis. " 01/01/2020 - "Here we report that disrupting the function of AtNEET, the sole member of the NEET protein family in Arabidopsis thaliana, triggers leaf-associated Fe-S- and Fe-deficiency responses, elevated Fe content in chloroplasts (1.2-1.5-fold), chlorosis, structural damage to chloroplasts and a high seedling mortality rate. "
4.	SaltsIBA 01/01/2020 - "Moreover, there were less chlorosis symptoms in these two kinds of salt tolerant rice under salt stress, corresponding to their better water-holding capacity. " 11/01/2016 - "After 24h and 7 days exposure to salt treatments, seedlings were fresh and green, but after 30 days, severe chlorosis was established in old leaves of 400mM NaCl-salt treated plants. " 01/01/2016 - "The salt-stressed seedlings supplemented with exogenous Ca recovered from water loss, chlorosis and growth inhibition. " 06/01/2013 - "Disruption of WRKY8 rendered plants hypersensitive to salt, showing delayed germination, inhibited post-germination development and accelerated chlorosis. " 05/01/2006 - "The salt sensitive phenotype of athkt1 sos3 double mutant plants was similar to that of athkt1 plants, which showed chlorosis in leaves and stems. "
5.	SolutionsIBA 01/27/2010 - "In dealing with Fe chlorosis, Fe(III)-OMWm improved the Fe nutritional status of soybean chlorotic plants when applied to the nutrient solution, while only regreening of leaves was observed in foliar applications. " 07/01/2020 - "At higher Ni concentrations (> 50 μM Ni in nutrient solution), chloroses were observed due to the accumulation of Ni in photosynthetically active chlorenchyma as revealed by micro-PIXE. " 12/11/2019 - "Leaves of soybean (a Mn-sensitive species) developed a mild chlorosis and small dark spots and distorted trifoliate leaves with 30 μM Mn and 0.6 μM Fe in nutrient solution (pH 5.6; 3 mM ionic strength). " 01/01/2017 - "Response to Mn2+ toxicity was measured on the bases of cotyledon chlorosis, shoot biomass, and leaf area in nutrient solution under control (9 μM of MnCl2⋅4H2O) and Mn treatment (125 μM of MnCl2⋅4H2O). " 08/01/1995 - "After 27 d growth in Fe-deficient nutrient solution, inoculated barley plants developed moderate Fe-deficiency chlorosis compared with the less chlorotic axenic plants. "
6.	CopperIBA 03/01/2003 - "Likewise, Pécholier and Saint-Pierre, observing the robust health of young women working in copper factories, concluded that copper was helpful in preventing and overcoming chlorosis. " 04/01/2021 - "Xylella is a bacterial genus belonging to the Xanthomonas family; and X. fastidiosa, which is responsible for citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) in sweet orange, may develop resistance to one or more copper-based antimicrobials. " 01/01/2021 - "Copper (Cu) is important for plant growth, but high concentrations can lead to detrimental effects such as primary root length inhibition, vegetative tissue chlorosis, and even plant death. " 01/01/2018 - "Copper contamination induced a general decrease in leaf N, P and Fe concentrations as well as chlorosis symptoms. " 01/01/2016 - "Among the TA systems, the MqsRA system has been observed to be highly induced in persister cells of Xylella fastidiosa (causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis-CVC) activated by copper stress, and has been described in Escherichia coli as related to the formation of persister cells and biofilms. "
7.	ManganeseIBA 07/01/2016 - "However, exogenous application of manganese (Mn) helped the plants to partially recover from the inhibited growth and chlorosis by improving ionic and osmotic homeostasis through decreasing Na+ influx and increasing water status, respectively. " 06/19/1925 - "MANGANESE AS A CURE FOR A CHLOROSIS OF SPINACH." 07/01/2017 - "By contrast, manganese evoked weak Fe deficiency responses in wild-type plants but strongly exacerbated chlorosis in irt1 plants, indicating that manganese antagonized Fe mainly at the level of transport. " 02/01/2016 - "The Vacuolar Manganese Transporter MTP8 Determines Tolerance to Iron Deficiency-Induced Chlorosis in Arabidopsis." 01/01/2009 - "Knockout of this gene resulted in leaf chlorosis, lower leaf Fe concentration, higher accumulation of zinc and manganese concentration in the leaves, and precipitation of Fe in the root's stele. "
8.	sodium bisulfide (NaHS)IBA 03/01/2019 - "After a 28-day treatment, strawberry plants exhibited leaf interveinal chlorosis under Fe deficiency, but these apparent symptoms of iron deficiency were overcome by foliar application of NaHS. " 01/09/2019 - "Stimulating l-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD)-mediated H2S production with H2S releaser (NaHS) markedly improved plant growth, reduced Cd content in stems and leaves, and rescued Cd-induced chlorosis. " 03/01/2019 - "So NaHS proved to be effective in ameliorating iron chlorosis caused by iron deficiency." 11/01/2015 - "The main results are as follows: Firstly, NaHS, a donor of H2S, completely prevented leaf interveinal chlorosis in maize seedlings grown in iron-deficient culture solution. "
9.	Hemin (Panhematin)FDA Link 08/15/2019 - "Our results showed that leaf chlorosis, growth inhibition, root morphology and photosynthetic activity were significantly improved by the addition of hemin in Cd-stressed plants. " 09/01/2018 - "The application of both hematin (as an inducer of HO) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, as a NO donor) reversed the chlorosis and improved plant growth under AgNP and Ag+ ions stresses. "
10.	SoilIBA 01/10/2019 - "Overall, AZO and DPH have shown good results in amending Fe induced chlorosis in calcareous soils and for this reason should be regarded as good green-candidates for Fe plant nutrition in calcareous soils." 01/09/2014 - "mays) express as leaf chlorosis, growth retardation, as well as yield reduction and are typically observed when plants grow in calcareous soils at alkaline pH. To improve our understanding of genotypical variability in the tolerance to Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis, the objectives of this study were to (i) determine the natural genetic variation of traits related to Fe homeostasis in the maize intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) population, (ii) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits, and (iii) to analyze expression levels of genes known to be involved in Fe homeostasis as well as of candidate genes obtained from the QTL analysis. " 01/01/2014 - "This study evaluated whether grass intercropping can be used to alleviate Fe deficiency chlorosis in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in high pH, calcareous soils with low organic matter. " 11/02/2020 - "In several cultivation areas, grapevine can suffer from Fe chlorosis due to the calcareous and alkaline nature of soils. " 08/12/2020 - "This soil requirement limits the locations where rhododendrons can be grown and causes chlorosis, diminished growth, and low survival when rhododendrons are grown in high pH soils. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 07/01/2004 - "This new complex soon became the most widely used parental therapy for hypochromic anemia in humans. " 06/10/1999 - "[Diagnosis and therapy of hypochromic anemia]." 07/01/1990 - "A preventive and a curative therapy was proposed to these pregnant women in order to correct this ferruginous deficiency without waiting for a hypochromic anemia be evident." 12/10/1976 - "[Advance in diagnosis and therapy of hypochromic anemia (author's transl)]." 03/01/1969 - "[Therapy of hypochromic anemia in pediatrics]."
2.	Transjugular Intrahepatic Portasystemic Shunt 03/12/2022 - "Some upper leaves showed chlorosis without or with necrotic tips, and flag leaves presented crinkling and distortion, stalks were colored, earheads were vertical, glumes were brown or light black and open, and grains became thin. " 06/01/2018 - "Toxic level of B caused growth inhibition and chlorosis which appeared at the leaf tips. " 04/01/2013 - "cv Valencianita) in the Provinces of San Juan (SJ) and Mendoza (MZ), Argentina, plants were observed with chlorosis, dry leaf tips, and bulbs showing discoloration and rot. " 08/01/2011 - "Initial symptoms of chlorosis and wilting were followed by progressive death of the plants starting at the shoot tips. " 06/01/2011 - "Initial symptoms consisted of chlorosis of leaves and wilting of shoot tips. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 10/01/1976 - "It was not phytotoxic when inoculated into cherry leaves at concentrations up to I mg ml-1, but produced weak chlorosis in bean and tobacco at 2 mg ml-1: no visible symptoms appeared after treatment with lower concentrations. " 05/01/2011 - "Plants exposed to high nickel (1.0 and 10.0 ppm) showed visible toxicity symptoms, such as wilting, chlorosis in young leaves, browning of root tips and broken off roots, observed at 6 days after treatment. " 07/01/2014 - "After treatments with bacterial suspension of virulent Pst DC3000 or conidial suspension of Botrytis cinerea, AtDHyPRP1 overexpressing lines exhibited enhanced resistance, whereas AtDHyPRP1 RNA interference lines became more susceptible to the pathogens with obvious chlorosis or necrosis phenotypes. " 03/09/1963 - "[Erythremia in an infant after treatment of hypochromic anemia with iron]." 01/01/2007 - "Arabidopsis aconitase knockout (KO) plants were found to have significantly less chlorosis after treatment with the superoxide-generating compound, paraquat. "
4.	Canes (Cane) 04/29/2022 - "Chlorosis would significantly reduce the cane production. " 03/01/2006 - "Several potential PD symptoms, including leaf necrosis and chlorosis, internodal distance, petiole length and weight, and extent of cane branching, were not reliable indicators of X. fastidiosa infection. " 01/01/2016 - "These results indicate that chlorosis in ratoon sugarcane plantlets results from excessive Mn accumulated in parent stalks of planted cane sugarcanes grown on excessive Mn acidic soils, while active Fe deficiency in plantlets may play a secondary role in the chlorosis." 04/01/1997 - "All Tn5 insertion mutants of Xanthomonas albilineans, the cause of leaf scald disease of sugar cane, which failed to produce albicidin antibiotics failed to cause chlorosis in inoculated sugar cane but remained resistant to albicidin. "
5.	Blood Transfusion (Blood Transfusions) 01/01/2005 - "The patient reported that he had received a single blood transfusion in his youth and presented at intake with a severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. " 01/01/1956 - "[Effect of blood transfusion on higher nervous function in posthemorrhagic hypochromic anemia]." 03/01/2015 - "Patients on chronic hemodialysis have predominantly microcytic hypochromic anemia, with limited capacity for correction using blood transfusion." 03/01/2002 - "We report a 43-year-old Japanese woman with microcytic and hypochromic anemia, who had been erroneously diagnosed as having iron deficiency anemia 20 years previously at the time of her first labor, and treated with iron and blood transfusion. "