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Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)

A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.

Also Known As:

Lazy Eye; Suppression Amblyopia; Anisometropic Amblyopia; Amblyopia, Developmental; Amblyopia, Stimulus Deprivation-Induced; Amblyopia, Suppression; Stimulus Deprivation-Induced Amblyopia; Amblyopia, Anisometropic; Amblyopia, Stimulus Deprivation Induced; Amblyopias; Amblyopias, Anisometropic; Amblyopias, Developmental; Amblyopias, Stimulus Deprivation-Induced; Amblyopias, Suppression; Anisometropic Amblyopias; Deprivation-Induced Amblyopia, Stimulus; Deprivation-Induced Amblyopias, Stimulus; Developmental Amblyopia; Developmental Amblyopias; Eye, Lazy; Eyes, Lazy; Lazy Eyes; Stimulus Deprivation Induced Amblyopia; Stimulus Deprivation-Induced Amblyopias; Suppression Amblyopias

Networked: 1021 relevant articles (90 outcomes, 115 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Anisometropia
2.	Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
3.	Strabismus (Squint)
4.	Refractive Errors (Refractive Error)
5.	Cataract (Cataracts)

Experts

1.	Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group: 29 articles (05/2015 - 08/2001)
2.	Repka, Michael X: 24 articles (05/2015 - 06/2002)
3.	Holmes, Jonathan M: 23 articles (05/2015 - 11/2003)
4.	Beck, Roy W: 19 articles (05/2015 - 10/2002)
5.	Kraker, Raymond T: 19 articles (05/2015 - 11/2003)
6.	Cotter, Susan A: 13 articles (02/2015 - 10/2004)
7.	Birch, Eileen E: 13 articles (02/2015 - 11/2003)
8.	Wallace, David K: 12 articles (05/2015 - 11/2004)
9.	Arnold, Robert W: 11 articles (02/2013 - 04/2002)
10.	Astle, William F: 10 articles (02/2010 - 06/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Amblyopia:

1.	Atropine (Hyoscyamine)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2004 - "We enrolled 156 children with successfully treated anisometropic or strabismic amblyopia (145 completed follow-up), who were younger than 8 years of age and who received continuous amblyopia treatment for the previous 3 months (prescribed at least 2 hours of daily patching or prescribed at least one drop of atropine per week) and who had improved at least 3 logMAR levels during the period of continuous treatment. " 10/01/2004 - "Although amblyopia can be successfully treated with patching or atropine, there have been few prospective studies of amblyopia recurrence once treatment is discontinued. " 09/01/2011 - "Studies that have investigated the role of atropine occlusion as a first-line treatment for amblyopia have shown "weekend atropine" to be as effective as patching for children with both moderate and severe amblyopia. " 03/01/2013 - "In children with moderate amblyopia, patching for two hours daily is as effective as patching for six hours daily, and daily atropine is as effective as daily patching. " 02/16/2011 - "In moderate amblyopia, penalization with atropine is as effective as patching. "
2.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2015 - "For children 7 to 12 years of age with residual amblyopia after patching therapy, oral levodopa while continuing to patch 2 hours daily does not produce a clinically or statistically meaningful improvement in VA compared with placebo and patching." 05/01/2015 - "A randomized trial of levodopa as treatment for residual amblyopia in older children." 01/01/2010 - "Moreover, L-DOPA was also used in the treatment of amblyopia in clinical studies. " 03/13/2003 - "This finding supports the previous studies of levodopa effect on amblyopia at the visual cortical level, and suggests that fMRI can be a useful tool in assessing changes of visual cortical activity after the treatment" 01/01/1999 - "Our results should therefore encourage further long-term clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of levodopa in amblyopia."
3.	Carbidopa (Lodosyn)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1995 - "The present study confirms previous findings of improvement in visual function in amblyopia after levodopa/carbidopa administration. " 03/01/2009 - "Levodopa/carbidopa improves visual acuity in patients with amblyopia and maintains improved visual acuity, especially in patients younger than 8 years." 11/01/1993 - "To determine the tolerability and efficacy of levodopa/carbidopa combined with occlusion therapy for childhood amblyopia, a double-masked placebo-controlled randomized longitudinal study was performed on 10 amblyopic children between 6 and 14 years of age. " 09/01/1992 - "A pilot study was undertaken to address the tolerance and efficacy of levodopa/carbidopa treatment for amblyopia in older amblyopic children who failed to respond to conventional occlusion therapy. " 12/01/2002 - "To study the role of levodopa-carbidopa in supplementing occlusion therapy in older children with strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia. "
4.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 03/01/2012 - "We suggested that the early diagnosis of retinal morphology and function may be beneficial to patients, since such attention may determine whether treatment for amblyopia, such as optical correction and patching, will be effective in facilitating the visual potential or whether care for poor vision will be needed." 01/01/2015 - "This study examined the retinal transcripts associated with experimentally induced unilateral amblyopia in rats. " 01/01/2014 - "A morphological study of retinal changes in unilateral amblyopia using optical coherence tomography image segmentation." 03/01/2013 - "In this study we examine neuroretinal function in five amblyopes, who had been shown in previous functional MRI (fMRI) studies to have compromised function of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), to determine if the fMRI deficit in amblyopia may have its origin at the retinal level. " 12/01/2011 - "To study peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and macular thickness in amblyopia using high-definition spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to compare the results with available literature using the time-domain modality. "
5.	Cytidine Diphosphate Choline (Citicoline)IBA 02/01/2014 - "To study the effectiveness of the addition of citicoline to patching in the treatment of amblyopia in the age group of 4-13 years. " 01/01/2008 - "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect on visual function of orally administered CDP-choline in addition to patching for the treatment of amblyopia in children. " 05/01/1995 - "Our results suggest that trials of citicoline as a medical treatment of amblyopia are warranted." 02/01/2014 - "Effectiveness of the addition of citicoline to patching in the treatment of amblyopia around visual maturity: a randomized controlled trial." 06/01/2006 - "The results of the use of cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (citicoline) in amblyopia are evaluated in detail. "
6.	SteroidsIBA 01/01/2001 - "Because steroids affect neural plasticity, we hypothesize that they facilitate and enhance visual improvement in amblyopia, a quality that may be tested in future controlled trials." 04/15/2007 - "As part of this protocol, surgery is indicated for lesions that continue to cause amblyopia despite treatment with systemic or intralesional steroids or both. " 05/01/1991 - "Fifteen patients with enlarging lesions thought to be at risk of causing amblyopia were treated with intralesional steroids as soon after presentation as possible. " 08/01/2001 - "Combined treatment of a proliferative peri-orbital haemangioma with a tuneable dye laser and intra-lesional steroids to prevent deprivation amblyopia." 01/01/2001 - "Possible role of corticosteroids in nervous system plasticity: improvement in amblyopia after optic neuritis in the fellow eye treated with steroids."
7.	salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)IBA 03/01/2014 - "The present study is a clinical trial (non-sham controlled and non-randomized) that assessed the efficacy of binocular training for improvement of the visual acuity in children and adults with amblyopia. " 02/01/2015 - "Repeated binocular experience, provided by dichoptic iPad game play, was more effective than sham iPad game play as a treatment for amblyopia in preschool children."
8.	Dopamine Agonists (Dopamine Agonist)IBA 01/01/1999 - "To determine the efficacy of the dopamine agonist levodopa for childhood amblyopia, a double-masked, placebo-controlled randomised study was performed on 32 amblyopic children with central fixation between 4 and 17 years. "
9.	CosmeticsIBA 09/01/1996 - "Based on a 2-6-years postoperative follow-up and different results, the author compares two sub-groups of children in the investigated group: - 72 children operated at the age of 0.5-2 years - 45 children operated at the age of 2-4 years In the first group satisfactory cosmetic results were achieved in 84.7% of the operated children, amblyopia was cured in 86.1% children, but binocular functions are present (simple ones) in 29.1% children, complete ones in 11.1%. " 01/01/2015 - "Surgical decision was made for cosmetic purposes, but not for medical needs to avoid amblyopia. " 04/01/2013 - "The clinical records of 162 children with congenital ptosis that had been surgically repaired between 1995 and 2006 at the Goldschleger Eye Institute were reviewed and analyzed for functional and cosmetic outcome, visual acuity status, and presence of amblyopia. " 01/01/2013 - "Successful restoration of the ocular surface following SLET combined with amblyopia therapy led to significant cosmetic and functional improvement. " 01/01/2009 - "Although they are infrequent in pediatric population their diagnosis and course are of a great significance, mainly because they can cause visual disturbances such as amblyopia that can ensue, and secondarily due to their cosmetic and psychological effect. "
10.	ROPIBA 07/01/1988 - "Amblyopia was present in 6% of the ROP group and in only 1.4% of babies without ROP. " 10/01/2013 - "The difference in VA between both eyes of patients who underwent bilateral vitreous surgery depended on ROP progression; patients who underwent a unilateral procedure in which the fellow eyes with ROP stabilized after photocoagulation tended to have poor vision because of deprivation amblyopia. " 11/01/1989 - "Strabismus, amblyopia, and refraction anomalies occurred more frequently in the ROP group. " 01/01/2012 - "A 3 year-old-child, who at 18 months old underwent unilateral diode laser treatment for threshold ROP, developed 11 diopters of anisometropic myopia and secondary dense amblyopia of the Right Eye. " 01/01/2012 - "A 3 year-old-child, who at 18 months old underwent unilateral diode laser treatment for threshold ROP, developed 11 diopters of anisometropic myopia and secondary dense amblyopia of the Right Eye. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Eyeglasses (Spectacles) 06/01/2006 - "Although most cases of resolution occur with moderate (20/40-20/100) amblyopia, the average 3-line improvement in VA resulting from treatment with spectacles may lessen the burden of subsequent amblyopia therapy for those with denser levels of amblyopia." 06/01/2000 - "Occlusion is more effective in the treatment of strabismic amblyopia than spectacles alone, and the effect is optimal within the first 6 months of wear. " 10/15/1986 - "Optic penalization of each eye by two pairs of spectacles, overcorrecting each eye on alternate days, has been effective in preserving visual acuity in 16 patients who had been successfully treated for strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia. " 11/01/2006 - "Correction with spectacles is effective for the treatment of heterophoria in hyperopic children with amblyopia." 01/01/2012 - "Visual acuity with spectacles was measured using the Amblyopia Treatment Study HOTV visual acuity protocol at baseline and every 9 weeks thereafter until no further improvement in visual acuity. "
2.	Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) 12/01/2004 - "To evaluate improvement in best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in adult patients with amblyopia. " 04/01/2010 - "The mean BCVA was significantly improved from 0.26 +/- 0.21 preoperatively to 0.82 +/- 0.17 by 2 years after LASIK with amblyopia treatment. " 01/01/2010 - "The mean BCVA was significantly improved from 0.72 ± 0.13 preoperatively to 0.47 ± 0.17 by 2 years after LASIK with amblyopia treatment. " 05/01/2008 - "LASIK seems to be an effective and safe procedure for the management of hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia in select cases. " 01/01/2008 - "Anisometropic patients without amblyopia seem to have a chance for improved SA after LASIK."
3.	Orthoptics (Orthoptic) 06/01/1987 - "In this paper the major optometric, ophthalmologic, and orthoptic literature on the efficacy of vision therapy for amblyopia has been surveyed. " 03/01/2009 - "To evaluate a new autorefractor, the Plusoptix Vision Screener (PVS), as a screening tool to detect risk factors for amblyopia by comparing it with gold-standard orthoptic vision screening in children. " 05/01/1998 - "[Critical (foveal) flicker fusion frequency (CFF) is helpful in differential diagnosis of organic lesions from orthoptic amblyopias]." 01/01/1948 - "Monocular amblyopia ex anopsia improved by astigmatic correction and orthoptic training; a case report." 02/01/2010 - "The results of our study indicate that later (before the age of three years) beginning of systematic pleoptic treatment related to the absence in the screening program is not worsening the chance to good visual acuity at the age of six years in case of moderate to mid-severe amblyopia. "
4.	Refractive Surgical Procedures 01/01/2006 - "During the period of visual cortical plasticity, refractive surgery, by eliminating the refractive component of amblyopia and by promoting fusional ability, provides considerable improvement in children, even those with underlying medical conditions associated with ocular pathology." 05/01/2011 - "To provide an overview of the visual outcomes after pediatric refractive surgery in anisometropic amblyopia and to analyze the relationship of these outcomes with age and type of refractive surgery. " 05/01/2011 - "Pediatric refractive surgery and its role in the treatment of amblyopia: meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed literature." 04/01/1986 - "Visual acuity results varied with the timing of refractive surgery, density of the amblyopia, and the parents' ability to maintain the patching schedule. " 01/01/2011 - "laser refractive surgery for myopic correction was found to be safe and effective in eyes with mild to moderate amblyopia."
5.	Photorefractive Keratectomy 01/01/2004 - "To assess the safety and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in children with anisometropic amblyopia and to define the characteristics of children who may be candidates for PRK. " 01/01/2007 - "The visual and refractive results from our studies on photorefractive keratectomy for pediatric anisometropic amblyopia are discussed. " 12/01/2011 - "Photorefractive keratectomy in treatment of refractive amblyopia in the adult population." 11/01/2006 - "Photorefractive keratectomy for amblyopia." 03/01/2006 - "An interventional non-comparative study was performed on 50 consecutive patients with amblyopia treated with photorefractive keratectomy. "