Aequorin

A photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. The light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (AF-350).

Also Known As:

Networked: 95 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 9 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Pieske, Burkert: 4 articles (05/2005 - 01/2002)
2.	Furuichi, Takuya: 3 articles (01/2006 - 07/2005)
3.	Araki, Naohiro: 2 articles (03/2020 - 03/2015)
4.	Callewaert, Geert: 2 articles (04/2011 - 03/2010)
5.	Coussee, Evelyne: 2 articles (04/2011 - 03/2010)
6.	Sanz-Blasco, Sara: 2 articles (01/2010 - 07/2008)
7.	Villalobos, Carlos: 2 articles (01/2010 - 07/2008)
8.	Kadono, Takashi: 2 articles (01/2006 - 07/2005)
9.	Kawano, Tomonori: 2 articles (01/2006 - 07/2005)
10.	Lin, Cun: 2 articles (01/2006 - 07/2005)

Related Diseases

1.	Acidosis 04/01/1985 - "This may help to explain the enhancement of the aequorin light transient during acidosis in the intact cardiac muscle inasmuch as acidosis may increase the [free Ca2+] trigger at the outer surface of the SR by inhibiting Na+-Ca2+ exchange across the sarcolemma." 05/01/1991 - "1. The relationship between force and intracellular [Ca2+] (monitored using the protein aequorin) has been investigated in papillary muscles isolated from ferret hearts, under control conditions (superfusate pH (pHo) 7.3) and during acidosis (pHo 6.8). " 07/01/1987 - "Ryanodine (2 microM) abolished all evidence of spontaneous Ca2+ release during acidosis, markedly reduced the acidosis-induced increase in aequorin light, and reduced resting tension. " 11/01/1996 - "Effects of the Ca2+ sensitizer N-hydroxy-5,6-dimethoxy-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboximidamide hydrochloride (Org-30029) on the myocardial contractile depression induced by acidosis and 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) were investigated in aequorin-loaded canine ventricular myocardium. " 11/01/2002 - "We performed experiments in canine ventricular trabeculae loaded with aequorin to elucidate the influence of acidosis on the positive inotropic effect (PIE) of OR-1896 (R)- N-[4-(4-methyl-6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-pyridazin-3-yl)-phenyl]-acetamide, an active metabolite of levosimendan. "
2.	Follicular Lymphoma (Lymphoma, Small Cleaved Cell, Follicular) 01/01/2015 - "We show that the optimized method of incorporation was effective for loading aequorin into follicular lymphoma cells in vitro. " 01/01/2015 - "Hypoosmotic shock treatment was optimized and used as a method for loading aequorin into the cytoplasm of follicular lymphoma cells. " 01/01/2015 - "Aequorin as Intracellular Ca2+ Indicator Incorporated in Follicular Lymphoma Cells by Hypoosmotic Shock Treatment."
3.	Infections 11/01/2002 - "On the negative side, this technique has also some disadvantages: (i) the relatively low amount of emitted light makes difficult performing single-cell imaging studies; (ii) reconstitution of aequorin with coelenterazine requires previous complete depletion of Ca(2+) of the ER for 1-2h, a maneuver that may result in deleterious effects in some cells; (iii) because of the high rate of aequorin consumption at steady-state [Ca(2+)](ER), only relatively brief experiments can be performed; and (iv) expression of ER-targeted aequorin requires previous transfection or infection to introduce the appropriate DNA construct, or alternatively the use of stable cell clones. " 11/01/2008 - "On the negative side, this technique has also some disadvantages: (i) the relatively low amount of emitted light makes difficult performing single-cell imaging studies; (ii) reconstitution of aequorin with coelenterazine is necessary to generate the functional photoprotein and this procedure requires at least 1h; (iii) in the case of aequorin targeted to high Ca2+ compartments, because of the high rate of aequorin consumption at steady-state, only relatively brief experiments can be performed and, because of the steepness of the Ca2+-response curve, the calibrated [Ca2+] values may not reflect the real mean in cells or compartments with dyshomogeneous behavior; and (iv) expression of targeted aequorins requires previous transfection or infection to introduce the appropriate DNA construct, or alternatively the use of stable cell clones."
4.	Shock 12/31/2013 - "A hypo-osmtic shock of the transformant population yields a luminometric signal due to the combination of aequorin with Ca(2+), released through the TRPV4 channel. " 12/01/2001 - "To ascertain the feasibility of aequorin-based [Ca(2+)]c quantification, [Ca(2+)]c changes were measured in mycelia during various physiologically perturbing treatments: exposure to high concentrations of external Ca(2+), hypoosmotic shock, and mechanical perturbation. " 01/01/2015 - "Hypoosmotic shock treatment was optimized and used as a method for loading aequorin into the cytoplasm of follicular lymphoma cells. " 01/01/2019 - "Using cells expressing the Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin we found that Mn2+ augmented the Ca2+ flux into the cytosol under oxidative stress, but not under hyperosmotic shock, a trait that was absent in the diploid cells with homozygous deletion of TRPY1 gene. " 11/01/2004 - "Using the mutant strain Aspergillus awamori 66A producing a recombinant Ca2+-dependent photosensitive protein aequorin, the dynamics of Ca2+ was studied for the first time in the cytosol of the micromycetes exposed to stressful factors, such as an increase in extracellular Ca2+ to 50 mM, hypoosmotic shock, and mechanical shock. "
5.	Hypertrophy 09/01/1994 - "These data demonstrate that the hypertrophy-related abnormalities in intracellular Ca2+ handling and mechanical function, previously reported in aequorin-loaded multicellular muscle preparations, are present in isolated myocytes, arguing against changes in the interstitium as essential causative factors." 12/01/1991 - "Altered calcium handling in left ventricular pressure-overload hypertrophy as detected with aequorin in the isolated, perfused ferret heart." 09/01/1990 - "In this study we compared the force-[Ca2+] relationship obtained in aequorin-injected papillary muscles and saponin skinned trabeculae from control, right ventricular pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH), and hyperthyroid ferret hearts. " 04/01/1995 - "After inducing pressure overload hypertrophy by banding the pulmonary artery of weanling and juvenile age ferrets, mechanical function (that is, isometric twitch force and passive stiffness), intracellular [Ca2+] using the calcium indicator aequorin, markers of myocardial energy supply, and quantified connective tissue content were studied. " 01/01/2004 - "Monocrotaline-treated animals developed marked right-sided hypertrophy without fibrosis as evident from hydroxyproline measurements, systolic contractility was increased, fully compensating for the increased afterload, but diastolic function was impaired as evident from protracted relaxation and slowed diastolic intracellular Ca2+ handling (measured by aequorin bioluminescence). "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
2.	Aequorin
3.	coelenterazine
4.	Calcium
5.	Luminescent Proteins
6.	N-Methylaspartate (NMDA)
7.	Saponins
8.	Minocycline (Cyclops)
9.	Egtazic Acid (EGTA)
10.	Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics
2.	Microelectrodes