Immunologic Adjuvants (Immunologic Adjuvant)

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

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Networked: 1443 relevant articles (124 outcomes, 211 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Chen, Wei R: 17 articles (01/2022 - 01/2002)
2.	Monneret, Guillaume: 11 articles (04/2019 - 02/2013)
3.	Nordquist, Robert E: 10 articles (01/2021 - 01/2002)
4.	Ragupathi, Govind: 9 articles (04/2016 - 11/2003)
5.	Zhou, Feifan: 8 articles (01/2022 - 06/2009)
6.	Hotchkiss, Richard S: 8 articles (07/2021 - 03/2013)
7.	Venet, Fabienne: 8 articles (04/2019 - 08/2013)
8.	Livingston, Philip O: 8 articles (01/2012 - 05/2002)
9.	Liu, Hong: 8 articles (05/2011 - 01/2002)
10.	Ito, Atsuo: 7 articles (07/2020 - 06/2013)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 12/01/2019 - "According to the recent studies, TLRs agonists are effective immunostimulants and have important role in induction of immune responses with immunotherapeutic potential against several diseases including cancer. " 01/01/1983 - "There are many immunopotentiators which showed potent antitumor activity in experimental tumor systems in vivo and in vitro, however, which were not always effective in well-designed controlled clinical trials. " 08/28/2020 - "To address the limitations of tumor penetration and distribution, and to enhance antitumor efficacy of immunotherapeutics, we present here an autonomous active microneedle (MN) system for the direct intratumoral (IT) delivery of a potent immunoadjuvant, cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles (CPMV) in vivo. " 11/15/1975 - "parvum was not as effective in T-cell deprived as in control mice, which suggests that in this system, T-cells are required for optimal anti-tumor activity of this immunostimulant. " 06/01/1976 - "These data, which show that a change in route of drug administration or in the type of tumor treated may reverse the effect of treatment, emphasize that the mechanism of action of immunopotentiators must be elucidated before consistent beneficial treatment of tumor viruses or tumors can be achieved."
2.	Infections 11/01/2016 - "OM-85 is an immunostimulant bacterial lysate, which has been proven effective in reducing the number of lower airways infections. " 01/01/2003 - "Ribosomal immunostimulant was similarly effective in children with ENT and bronchopulmonary infections, reducing the mean number of recurrences by 32-61% compared with placebo. " 11/01/2022 - "Enhancement of protective efficacy of innate immunostimulant based formulations against yolk sac infection in young chicks." 03/01/2011 - "The development and duration of immune protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infections with garlic as an immunostimulant in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was studied. " 06/01/2009 - "The efficacy of two immunostimulants against Flavobacterium columnare infection in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)."
3.	Influenza in Birds (Avian Flu) 11/01/2023 - "The recently detected clade 2.3.4.4 of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in poultry encouraged us to study the efficacy of the 6 most extensively used saleable H5 poultry vaccinations (bivalent [AI + ND], Re-5 H5N1, H5N1, H5N3, monovalent AI, monovalent ND) with or without aqueous 8% neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract as an immunostimulant. " 10/01/2020 - "Immunostimulant effect of a mixed herbal extract on infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccinated chickens in the context of a co-infection model of avian influenza virus H9N2 and IBDV." 04/01/2019 - "Avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 infection causes economic losses on poultry farms, and immunostimulants are essential for improving chicken immunity. " 01/01/2017 - "We previously described that immunopotentiators, CVCVA5, increased the efficacy of H5 and H9 subtype avian influenza vaccines in chickens, ducks, and geese. " 06/24/2011 - "Immunoadjuvant efficacy of plasmids with multiple copies of a CpG motif coadministrated with avian influenza vaccine in chickens."
4.	Communicable Diseases (Infectious Diseases) 04/01/2020 - "Although regular and well-designed workloads show immunostimulant and protective effects towards infectious diseases, highly-trained and elite athletes are definitively more vulnerable to microbial aggressions. " 05/01/2019 - "platensis supplemented feed in shrimp humoral and intestinal defenses and highlight the potential use of cyanobacteria-based immunostimulants in shrimp farming for protection against infectious diseases." 12/01/2021 - "similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy." 01/01/2020 - "We concluded that the chemotaxis assay is informative in assessment of shrimp hemocyte immunological activity, and is applicable to the development of immunostimulants against shrimp infectious diseases." 01/01/2019 - "However, BG have yet to be exploited as immunopotentiators in the context of infectious diseases. "
5.	Virus Diseases (Viral Diseases) 10/01/2019 - "Our results demonstrated that poIL-2 plays an important role in the induction of immune responses and immune defense against bacterial and virus infection, which indicated its potential use as an immunopotentiator to prevent diseases in flounder." 01/01/2018 - "Analysis of the Long-Lived Responses Induced by Immunostimulants and Their Effects on a Viral Infection in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)." 06/30/2014 - "Herein we report the use of immunostimulant-loaded nanoliposomes (called NLcliposomes) as a strategy to protect fish against bacterial and/or viral infections. " 01/01/2006 - "An alternative approach to prevent recurrence of infection is treatment with an immunostimulant, which provides immune protection against repeated bacterial and viral infection. " 11/01/2010 - "We conclude that Lactobacil individually or mixed with Sporolac act as immunostimulants that enhance the innate immune response and disease resistance in lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) infected olive flounder."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Vaccines
2.	Antigens
3.	Cancer Vaccines
4.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)
5.	Levamisole (Decaris)
6.	Peptides (Polypeptides)
7.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)
8.	Liposomes (Liposome)
9.	Cytokines
10.	Antibodies

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics
2.	Immunotherapy
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
4.	Lasers (Laser)
5.	Radiotherapy