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Adjustment Disorders (Adjustment Disorder)

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Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.

Also Known As:

Adjustment Disorder; Disorder, Adjustment; Anniversary Reactions; Depressions, Reactive; Disorder, Reactive; Disorders, Adjustment; Disorders, Reactive; Disturbance, Transient Situational; Disturbances, Transient Situational; Reaction, Anniversary; Reactions, Anniversary; Reactive Depression; Reactive Depressions; Reactive Disorder; Situational Disturbance, Transient; Situational Disturbances, Transient; Transient Situational Disturbances; Anniversary Reaction; Depression, Reactive; Reactive Disorders; Transient Situational Disturbance

Networked: 215 relevant articles (13 outcomes, 33 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Mental Disorders: 2989
- Adjustment Disorders: 215

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Anxiety Disorders (Anxiety Disorder)
3.	Phobic Disorders (Phobia)
4.	Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)
5.	Conduct Disorder

Experts

1.	Barbui, Corrado: 4 articles (01/2015 - 09/2008)
2.	Akechi, Tatsuo: 4 articles (06/2009 - 05/2003)
3.	Grassi, Luigi: 3 articles (09/2013 - 01/2005)
4.	Uchitomi, Yosuke: 3 articles (07/2010 - 05/2003)
5.	Akizuki, Nobuya: 3 articles (07/2010 - 05/2003)
6.	Churchill, Rachel: 3 articles (01/2010 - 09/2008)
7.	Nakagawa, Atsuo: 3 articles (01/2010 - 09/2008)
8.	Cipriani, Andrea: 3 articles (01/2010 - 09/2008)
9.	McGuire, Hugh: 3 articles (01/2010 - 09/2008)
10.	Furukawa, Toshiaki A: 3 articles (06/2009 - 09/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Adjustment Disorders:

1.	Alprazolam (Xanax)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1989 - "These results suggest that alprazolam may be a useful treatment for patients with neurotic or reactive depression not requiring hospitalisation." 07/01/1993 - "Prevention of adjustment disorders and anticipatory nausea secondary to adjuvant chemotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessing the usefulness of alprazolam." 09/01/1981 - "Studies examining the use of alprazolam for the treatment of "primary depression" suggest that it is as effective as imipramine in the treatment of exogenous (reactive) depression. " 01/01/2015 - "In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we show that the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor agonist alprazolam disrupts perceptual but not imagery enhancement of contrast detection in individuals with generalized anxiety and adjustment disorder. " 01/01/2015 - "Etifoxine versus alprazolam for the treatment of adjustment disorder with anxiety: a randomized controlled trial."
2.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 04/01/2005 - "Antidepressants are very effective in treating depression in the primary care setting and may even be an effective and efficient treatment for adjustment disorder with depressed mood." 05/01/2009 - "The goal of the present study was construction of affordable and simple model of reactive depression in rats, which model could be implemented in the antidepressants screening. " 12/01/2006 - "This result-that DTC ad vertising might have beneficial effects-should be weighed against existing studies that have found that patients' suggestions (conceptually which could be induced by DTC advertising) may be associated with overprescribing (eg, in the case of the use of antidepressants for adjustment disorder)." 09/01/2005 - "Patients of psychiatrists were less likely than those of primary care physicians to receive antidepressants for dysthymia or adjustment disorder accompanied by depressed mood (26 percent compared with 42 percent). " 04/01/2005 - "Very little comparative data exists regarding the newer antidepressants in regards to efficacy in naturalistic primary care outpatient settings where the treatment of adjustment disorder and major depressive disorder is concerned. "
3.	Paroxetine (Paxil)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1992 - "Paroxetine appears effective compared with placebo in different subgroups of depression: it is effective in both endogenous and reactive depression, as well as being effective in moderate and severe depression. " 02/01/2012 - "This randomized open trial included 30 cancer patients with depression (major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, or adjustment disorder with depressed mood) and aimed to compare the safety of slow up-titration (arm A) versus standard up-titration (arm B) of paroxetine chlorhydrate. " 03/01/1997 - "15 HIV-infected subjects (10 patients with a major depressive episode and 5 patients with an adjustment disorder with depressed mood, according to the DSM IV diagnostic criteria) were administered paroxetine at a daily dosage of 20 mg. Depressive symptomatology was monitored by means of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) at the time of enrollment and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks later; at the same times adverse effects were recorded. " 05/01/1993 - "This multi-centre, double-blind study, carried out in France, was designed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine and clomipramine in elderly patients, aged 60 or above, with reactive depression according to Feighner's criteria. " 05/01/1993 - "[Multicenter double-blind study comparing the efficacy and tolerance of paroxetine and clomipramine in reactive depression in the elderly patient]."
4.	etifoxineIBA 11/01/1998 - "These results show the interest of using etifoxine in the treatment of adjustment disorder with anxiety and should be confirmed by further studies." 11/01/1998 - "[Treatment of adjustment disorder with anxiety: efficacy and tolerance of etifoxine in a double-blind controlled study]." 01/01/2015 - "This randomized controlled trial provides support for the efficacy and safety of etifoxine in the management of adjustment disorder with anxiety, particularly when treatment discontinuation data are also assessed. " 04/01/2006 - "Efficacy of etifoxine compared to lorazepam monotherapy in the treatment of patients with adjustment disorders with anxiety: a double-blind controlled study in general practice." 01/01/2015 - "Etifoxine versus alprazolam for the treatment of adjustment disorder with anxiety: a randomized controlled trial."
5.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2014 - "Efficacy of psychotherapy on diurnal cortisol patterns and suicidal ideation in adjustment disorder with depressed mood." 03/01/2014 - "The aims were to examine the effects of psychotherapy on depressive and anxiety symptoms, the occurrence of suicidal ideations and diurnal cortisol patterns in patients with adjustment disorder (AD) with depressed mood. " 10/01/2007 - "A significant inverse correlation between morning plasma cortisol levels and psychometric parameters in victims of mobbing with adjustment disorders was observed. " 10/01/2007 - "Inverse correlation between morning plasma cortisol levels and MMPI psychasthenia and depression scale scores in victims of mobbing with adjustment disorders." 01/01/1992 - "In addition, adjustment disorder patients and a third of the depressed patients showed decreases in cortisol levels following RT, while no changes were noted in the video group. "
6.	Moclobemide (Arima)IBA 01/01/1992 - "Since moclobemide has few side-effects it may be uniquely well tolerated in this group of patients, having proven efficacy for both endogenous and reactive depressions." 06/01/1989 - "The purpose of this study was to compare moclobemide and clomipramine in reactive depression according to the Newcastle II classification. " 06/01/1989 - "Moclobemide and clomipramine in reactive depression. "
7.	Fluvoxamine (Luvox)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2000 - "Fluvoxamine was found to be the high effective preparation for both endogenic and reactive depressions." 01/01/2000 - "30 patients of 23-73 years old with endogenic and reactive depressions were treated with fevarin. " 08/01/2011 - "The present study investigated the safety and efficacy of fluvoxamine therapy in gynecologic cancer patients with either adjustment disorder or major depression after cancer was diagnosed. " 08/01/2011 - "The present findings suggest that fluvoxamine is useful for alleviating psychological distress, including adjustment disorder and major depression, in gynecologic cancer patients. "
8.	Imipramine (Janimine)FDA LinkGeneric 03/19/1960 - "[Experiences with tofranil in endogenous and reactive depressions]." 09/01/1981 - "Studies examining the use of alprazolam for the treatment of "primary depression" suggest that it is as effective as imipramine in the treatment of exogenous (reactive) depression. "
9.	Lorazepam (Ativan)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2006 - "Efficacy of etifoxine compared to lorazepam monotherapy in the treatment of patients with adjustment disorders with anxiety: a double-blind controlled study in general practice."
10.	N-trimethylacetyl-4-aminobutyric acid (pivagabine)IBA 11/01/1997 - "Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of pivagabine in the treatment of mood and adjustment disorders." 11/01/1997 - "Results of a clinical open trial with pivagabine (4-[(2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl) amino]butanoic acid, CAS 69542-93-4, Tonerg) on 22 young patients affected by dysthymic disorders and on 38 older patients affected by adjustment disorders following different stressors (mourning, retirement and recovery in institutions of assistance) are reported. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 09/01/2012 - "More specifically, rs6265 was related to both personal mental health history (P = 0.09, 0.06 adjusted) and diagnosis of depression/adjustment disorder at time of pre-transplant evaluation (P = 0.11, 0.09 adjusted). " 11/01/1996 - "This study longitudinally evaluates prevalence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for DSM-III-R Major Depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), associated Adjustment Disorders, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder related to the transplant (PTSD-T) in a large, representative sample of heart recipients followed during the first year after transplantation. " 08/01/2004 - "By 3 years post-transplant, cumulative onset rates were: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), 31.6%, Adjustment disorders, 35.4% (29.4 % with anxious mood); Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder related to the transplant (PTSD-T), 22.5%, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 7.3%, and any assessed disorder, 56.3%. " 07/01/2001 - "The authors enrolled a representative sample of 191 heart transplant recipients in a prospective examination of the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for DSM-III-R major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), associated adjustment disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder related to transplant (PTSD-T) during the 3 years postsurgery. "
2.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2005 - "Adjustment disorders have been reported among transplantation recipients. " 11/01/1996 - "This study longitudinally evaluates prevalence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for DSM-III-R Major Depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), associated Adjustment Disorders, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder related to the transplant (PTSD-T) in a large, representative sample of heart recipients followed during the first year after transplantation. " 07/01/2001 - "The authors enrolled a representative sample of 191 heart transplant recipients in a prospective examination of the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for DSM-III-R major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), associated adjustment disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder related to transplant (PTSD-T) during the 3 years postsurgery. "
3.	Palliative Care (Palliative Medicine) 02/01/2011 - "Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies." 02/01/2011 - "We searched Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Knowledge for studies that examined well-defined depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in adults with cancer in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings. " 12/01/2013 - "With regard to how palliative care for cancer patients is perceived, we encountered a case of a patient who showed adjustment disorders when his life expectancy was deemed too short. " 12/01/2011 - "The main issues of interest are sexual problems in patients with cancer, communication and interpersonal skills, responses of patients and their families, anxiety and adjustment disorders, and palliative care. "
4.	Ambulatory Care (Outpatient Care) 01/01/2015 - "Immediate help through group therapy for patients with somatic diseases and depressive or adjustment disorders in outpatient care: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial." 07/01/2010 - "We developed the 'Distress Screening Program in Ambulatory Care' (DISPAC program) as a practical means of screening for and facilitating the treatment of major depression and adjustment disorders in cancer patients. " 04/01/1995 - "Factors that predict psychiatric hospitalization rather than outpatient care are (1) public or private insurance coverage versus no insurance; (2) previous hospitalization; (3) psychiatric diagnosis of affective or psychotic disorders versus conduct disorders, adjustment disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and other disorders; and (4) age, with adolescents more likely to be hospitalized than children. "
5.	Catheters 03/01/2003 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the Interactive Educational Videotaped Interventions (IEVI) designed to prevent HPN complications of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI), to prevent reactive depression (from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition definition), and to increase patients' frequency of problem-solving with professionals. " 05/01/2002 - "For patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN), catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) and reactive depression may significantly impact quality-of-life. "