Acantholysis

Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.

Also Known As:

Networked: 451 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 39 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pemphigus (Pemphigus Vulgaris)
2.	Blister (Bulla)
3.	Skin Diseases (Skin Disease)
4.	Darier Disease (Darier's Disease)
5.	Benign Familial Pemphigus (Hailey Hailey Disease)

Experts

1.	Grando, Sergei A: 17 articles (03/2020 - 03/2003)
2.	Cirillo, Nicola: 14 articles (02/2022 - 05/2006)
3.	Lanza, Alessandro: 11 articles (02/2010 - 05/2006)
4.	Amagai, Masayuki: 10 articles (05/2017 - 01/2002)
5.	Gombos, Fernando: 10 articles (02/2009 - 05/2006)
6.	Diaz, Luis A: 8 articles (06/2015 - 06/2005)
7.	Kitajima, Yasuo: 8 articles (01/2013 - 03/2003)
8.	Rubenstein, David S: 7 articles (03/2013 - 06/2005)
9.	Amagai, M: 7 articles (01/2013 - 01/2000)
10.	Arredondo, Juan: 7 articles (02/2008 - 03/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Acantholysis:

1.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 10/01/1989 - "The dynamic ultrastructural changes of FS IgG-induced acantholysis in mice are the subject of this study. " 02/01/2023 - "Histopathological examination showed acantholysis and direct immunofluorescence testing revealed intercellular IgG and C3 deposition of the epidermis. " 01/01/2023 - "Through MYD88, Tha attenuated apoptosis of HaCat cells, modulated NF-κB to hamper the oxidative damage and inflammatory response in the PV cell models, and alleviated acantholysis, IgG deposition, and epidermal cell apoptosis induced by PV IgG in model mice." 01/01/2023 - "Tha alleviated acantholysis induced by PV IgG in model mice. " 10/01/2022 - "Furthermore, low SOCS3 expression in CD4+ T cells further exacerbates PV-IgG-induced acantholysis. "
2.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 12/01/2005 - "To further understand acantholysis and the efficacy of IVIg, we measured effects of IgG fractions from PV patients on keratinocyte death processes. " 12/01/2010 - "On immunopathological study, PV-sIVIG and regular IVIG prevented the formation of acantholysis and deposition of IgG in intercellular spaces. " 12/01/2005 - "These results indicate that in different PV patients, IgG-induced acantholysis proceeds predominantly via distinct, yet complementary, pathways of programmed cell death differentially mediated by apoptosis and oncosis effectors, with IVIg protecting target cells by up-regulating endogenous caspase and calpain inhibitors." 12/01/2005 - "IVIg reduced PV IgG-mediated acantholysis and cell death and up-regulated the caspase inhibitor FLIP and the calpain inhibitor calpastatin. "
3.	Drug CombinationsIBA 06/07/2013 - "The highest efficacy of mitochondrial protection of the combination of these drugs found in mitochondrial assay was consistent with the ability of the same drug combination to abolish acantholysis in mouse skin. "
4.	AutoantibodiesIBA 04/01/2000 - "The aim of this study was to test whether UVB exposure of uninvolved skin of patients with FS (n = 21) enhances epidermal acantholysis and in vivo binding of FS autoantibodies as compared with a control group (n = 4). " 01/01/2018 - "A sizable fraction of patients with BP showed circulating intercellular autoantibodies by IIF, without a histopathological evidence for acantholysis." 07/01/2013 - "The pathomechanism of PV hinges on autoantibodies damaging cell-cell cohesion and leading to cell-cell detachment (acantholysis) of the epidermis and Malpighian mucosae (mainly oral mucosa). " 03/28/2008 - "Autoantibodies present in PV patients can promote detrimental effects by triggering altered transduction of signals, which results in a final acantholysis. " 11/01/2006 - "The mechanisms of autoantibody-induced acantholysis have not been clarified. "
5.	AntibodiesIBA 11/01/2023 - "Thus, along with Dsg1 antibodies, weak anti-Dsg3 antibodies could induce acantholysis in the skin, but they are insufficient to induce mucosal lesions." 01/01/2020 - "In other patients, the presence of non-Dsg antibodies, such as anti-Dsc2/3, would produce an earlier and more severe ADAM10-independent suprabasal acantholysis." 01/01/2020 - "Lower levels of anti-Dsc3 antibodies are associated with less severe acantholysis. " 07/01/2016 - "Biopsy of the localized lesions showed suprabasal acantholysis; no serum DsG antibodies were found. " 11/01/2015 - "Recently, adsorption of anti-mitochondrial antibodies abolished the ability of PVIgGs to cause acantholysis, demonstrating their pathophysiological significance. "
6.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 08/01/2003 - "To further examine the role of IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha and uPA in acantholysis, we performed antibody blocking studies. " 08/01/2003 - "In the present study we sought to examine whether keratinocyte-derived IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha are correlated with uPA induction in keratinocytes during acantholysis. " 08/01/2003 - "Our results confirm the role of uPA in acantholysis and suggest an involvement of IL-1alpha/TNF-alpha in uPA induction." 08/01/2003 - "mRNAs for IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha and uPA were examined with RT-PCR at various time points and acantholysis was measured. " 08/01/2009 - "Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been suggested to have a possible role in the mechanism underlying acantholysis. "
7.	DesmogleinsIBA 03/01/2020 - "Anti-keratinocyte AuAbs developed by the desmoglein (Dsg) 1/3 AuAb-negative acute PV patients are pathogenic, as they induced acantholysis and epidermal split in the experimental models of PV in vitro and in vivo. " 01/01/2019 - "The current theory favors the concept that anti-desmoglein (Dsg) 3 autoimmunity is the only pathogenic event needed to induce acantholysis. " 01/01/2019 - "Here, we observed that non-desmoglein (Dsg) AuAbs in the sera of patients with Dsg1/3 AuAb-negative acute PV are pathogenic, because IgGs from these individuals induced skin blistering in neonatal mice caused by suprabasal acantholysis. " 10/01/2004 - "These studies offer new insight into the potential mechanisms of acantholysis in pemphigus and staphylococcal-associated blistering disease, with implications for the role of desmogleins in desmosomal structure and function." 01/01/2019 - "The acantholysis associated with pemphigus vulgaris (PV), a severe and potentially life-threatening autoimmune skin blistering disease, can be induced in HSOC by injecting a bi-specific anti-desmoglein (dsg) 1 and 3 single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv). "
8.	Peptide Hydrolases (Proteases)FDA Link 02/01/1988 - "Using a method which allowed us to study the morphological consequences of the expression and the inhibition of proteases in living tissues, we demonstrated that the primary detectable cellular event in cantharide acantholysis is the dissolution of the dense plaque, leading to the detachment of tonofilaments from desmosomes. " 07/01/2007 - "Taken together, our data demonstrated that proteinase expression, particularly of MMP-9, is modulated by PV serum and associated with PV acantholysis." 10/01/1991 - "Acantholysis is probably caused by the release of epidermal proteases." 02/01/1988 - "This suggests that the desmosome-tonofilament complex, more precisely the desmosomal dense plaque, is the primary target of activated proteases during cantharide acantholysis, and can be disrupted by a specific epidermal protease-anti protease system. " 02/01/1988 - "Cantharide acantholysis: endogenous protease activation leading to desmosomal plaque dissolution."
9.	Complement System Proteins (Complement)IBA 11/01/1986 - "We used this model to study the role of complement in the development of acantholysis in three steps. " 01/01/1982 - "No significant differences in the grade of acantholysis-like changes between the complement-depleted system and the complement-supplied system were observed. " 01/01/1986 - "These studies suggest that pemphigus antibody in the presence of complement alters cell membrane integrity and supports the contention that complement may play a significant role in the mechanism of acantholysis." 12/01/2017 - "It is quite acceptable for pemphigus, because acantholysis in pemphigus has been demonstrated to be complement-independent. " 02/20/1999 - "Pathology criteria (keratinocyte necrosis, suprabasal keratinocyte vacuolization, intraepidermal acantholysis) and immunohistological findings (antibody and complement deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction and within the keratinocytes on different epithelial substrates) are insufficient for positive diagnosis. "
10.	Cantharidin (Cantharides)IBA 08/01/1968 - "An electron microscopic study of cantharidin-induced acantholysis." 07/01/1998 - "Acantholysis and cytolytic changes were prominent mimicking the effect of cantharidin. " 10/01/1988 - "Cantharidin has been used to induce acantholysis in vivo. " 10/01/1988 - "Cantharidin-induced acantholysis." 01/01/1968 - "I. Pathomechanism of the cantharidine "acantholysis". "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections 10/01/1989 - "Intraperitoneal (IP) injections of IgG from patients with Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus [Fogo Selvagem (FS)] cause acantholysis in BALB/c mice (JID. " 10/01/1997 - "It was proposed that crosslinking of antigen by bivalent PV autoantibodies may trigger acantholysis in PV. In the present study, we have used subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of PV IgG and its proteolytic fragments into neonatal mice to test equimolar amounts of these autoantibody fractions. "
2.	Plasma Exchange 01/01/1985 - "In order to test the hypothesis that IGIV might protect in vitro-cultured human skin from acantholysis induced by pemphigus antibodies, studies with skin organ cultures were carried out using plasma from another pemphigus-vulgaris patient who had undergone plasma exchange. "
3.	Ligation 11/01/2006 - "Future studies should define the signaling pathways mediating acantholysis that occur in individual pemphigus patients and identify the membrane proteins (receptors) triggering signaling along a specific pathway upon their ligation by autoantibodies. "
4.	Therapeutics 05/01/2012 - "This variant of PF should be entertained in both the clinical differential diagnosis of psoriasiform erythroderma and in the microscopic differential diagnosis of psoriasiform epidermal hyperplasia with focal acantholysis, particularly in patients for whom the clinical history is not classic for psoriasis or for whom conventional psoriasis therapies have not proven beneficial." 01/01/2021 - "Thus far, research and therapy in PV have focused primarily on immune mechanisms upstream of autoantibody binding, while the biophysical aspects of the cell-cell dissociation process leading to acantholysis are less well studied. " 01/01/2022 - "Hence, the aim of this review was to systematically evaluate molecules in the class of kinases that are essential for acantholysis and blister formation and are therefore candidates for targeted therapy. " 01/01/2022 - "However, because the individual lesions appeared as hyperkeratotic papules and were unresponsive to antiviral therapy, a skin biopsy was performed, which revealed hyperkeratosis, suprabasal acantholysis and dyskeratosis with corps ronds and grains, consistent with acantholytic dyskeratotic acanthoma. " 06/15/2014 - "A PubMed search was conducted using the term "cantharidin" combined with "warts", "plantar warts", "verruca vulgaris", "periungal", "subungual", "topical treatment", "topical therapy for warts", molluscum contagiosum", "perforating collagenosis," and "acantholysis." A total of 749 articles were identified and 37 articles met inclusion criteria for this review. "
5.	Lasers (Laser) 03/01/2005 - "This case most likely represents high-fluence photothermal tissue injury induced by the laser-like qualities of the IPL source, with resulting acantholysis leading to formation of vesicobullae in the context of an uncertain primary diagnosis. " 01/01/1994 - "The epithelium exhibited acantholysis 5 mm from the site of laser injury. "