Threatened Abortion

UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.

Also Known As:

Networked: 478 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 41 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)
2.	Pre-Eclampsia (Preeclampsia)
3.	Rupture
4.	Ectopic Pregnancy
5.	Hemorrhage

Experts

1.	Paradisi, Roberto: 3 articles (09/2007 - 10/2003)
2.	Venturoli, Stefano: 3 articles (09/2007 - 10/2003)
3.	Rahmani, Zahra: 2 articles (04/2015 - 01/2015)
4.	Abediankenari, Saeid: 2 articles (04/2015 - 01/2015)
5.	Hanita, O: 2 articles (12/2012 - 06/2012)
6.	Czeizel, Andrew E: 2 articles (06/2012 - 06/2011)
7.	Bártfai, Zoltán: 2 articles (06/2012 - 06/2011)
8.	Bártfai, Liza: 2 articles (06/2012 - 06/2011)
9.	Bánhidy, Ferenc: 2 articles (06/2012 - 06/2011)
10.	Luisi, Stefano: 2 articles (01/2008 - 02/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Threatened Abortion:

1.	ProgesteroneFDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2007 - "The effect of ZBD is superior to that of progesterone in treating women of early threatened abortion with dark area surrounding pregnancy sac." 12/01/2004 - "The use of vaginal progesterone improved the outcome of pregnancies complicated by threatened abortion and previous diagnosis of inadequate luteal phase." 06/01/2013 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vaginal progesterone on endocervical cytokine concentration in women at risk of threatened abortion. " 01/01/1987 - "Between 1983 and 1984 a double-blind randomized study with progesterone substitution in threatened abortion was carried out. " 01/01/1987 - "Double-blind controlled trial of progesterone substitution in threatened abortion."
2.	Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1969 - "[Studies on chorionic gonadotropin excretion in threatened abortion]." 08/01/1955 - "[Study of chorionic gonadotropin in threatened abortion]." 08/15/2003 - "In an effort to evaluate the prognosis of threatened abortion, we established the ratio of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as measured by bioassay or radioimmunoassay techniques, of samples from patients with threatened abortion or normal pregnancy. " 08/15/2003 - "Bioactive to immunoreactive ratio of circulating human chorionic gonadotropin as possible evaluation for the prognosis of threatened abortion." 08/01/1998 - "Human chorionic gonadotropin, thyroid function, and immunological indices in threatened abortion."
3.	CytokinesIBA 10/01/2003 - "A study of association between pro-inflammatory cytokines, and missed and threatened abortions with good outcome has been performed. " 01/01/2006 - "The purpose of the present study was to examine the profile of selected proinflammatory cytokines in maternal serum of first-trimester pregnancies complicated by threatened abortion (TACP) and its relevance to obstetric outcome. " 01/01/2009 - "Women with threatened abortion had significantly lower serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, but levels of proinflammatory cytokines were higher in this group compared with healthy controls. " 11/10/2003 - "Three T-helper 2-type cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-13 (IL-13)) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum of 12 women with threatened abortion both at hospital admission and discharge time. " 11/10/2003 - "Considering that successful embryo development has been immunologically attributed to a T-helper 2 phenomenon and that threatened abortion is a very frequent but pathogenetically not well-defined clinical entity, our purpose was to investigate serum levels of the main T-helper 2-type cytokines during the evolution of this condition. "
4.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 01/01/1962 - "[Value of the study of the estrogen coefficient in cases of threatened abortion]." 12/12/1964 - "[CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DIRECT FLUOROMETRY OF URINARY ESTROGENS BY THE ITTRICH METHOD IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF THREATENED ABORTION]." 10/01/1964 - "[URINARY ESTROGEN ELIMINATION IN SPONTANEOUS THREATENED ABORTIONS]." 05/01/1964 - "[ESTROGEN LEVEL IN THE URINE OF WOMEN WITH THREATENED ABORTION]." 08/01/1953 - "[Estrogen therapy in habitual and threatened abortion]."
5.	IodineIBA 05/20/1958 - "[Study of the pregnancy test with iodine in threatened abortion]." 01/20/1968 - "[Note on blood protein-bound iodine in threatened abortion]." 09/01/1956 - "Blood protein-bound iodine determinations as a measure of thyroid function in normal pregnancy and threatened abortion." 01/01/1974 - "The predictive efficacy of plasma level tests of progesterone, human placental lactogen (HPL) activity, serum protein-bound iodine (S-PBI), and triiodothyronine uptake, and urinary levels of estrone and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in evaluating the outcome of pregnancy in 75 cases of threatened abortion between Weeks 7-26 of pregnancy was studied. "
6.	xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tangIBA 01/01/2006 - "This study was carried out to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang (Kyuki-kyogai-to), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, in the treatment of threatened abortion in early pregnancy. " 01/01/2006 - "Efficacy of the Kampo medicine Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang, a traditional herbal medicine, in the treatment of threatened abortion in early pregnancy." 01/01/2006 - "We enrolled 72 women diagnosed with threatened abortion at Osaka Medical College Hospital and assigned them at random to the following two groups: a group of 36 women who received Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang at a dose of 7.5 g/day and another group of 36 women who received human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)(control group). "
7.	Diethylstilbestrol (Stilbestrol)FDA Link 01/01/1983 - "The analysis of the health risks associated with the administration of diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy (for the prevention or treatment of threatened abortions) has been largely published. " 01/01/1956 - "Treatment of threatened abortion with diethylstilbestrol." 07/01/1954 - "The use of micronized vitaminized stilbestrol in the treatment of sixty-four cases of severe threatened abortion." 12/01/1952 - "[High dosage stilbestrol therapy of threatened abortion]." 07/01/1952 - "[Effect of diethylstilbestrol on the oxytocic activity of the serum in threatened abortion of endocrine origin]."
8.	Placental Lactogen (Human Placental Lactogen)IBA 01/01/1981 - "[Radioimmunological assessment of the placental lactogen concentration in threatened abortion]." 01/01/1981 - "[Radioimmunologic evaluation of the concentration of placental lactogen in threatened abortions]." 02/01/1977 - "We report the first use of human placental lactogen as an indicator of the outcome of threatened abortion in general practice. " 02/01/1977 - "The prognostic value of human placental lactogen levels in threatened abortion in general practice." 04/01/1975 - "The prognostic value of human placental lactogen (HPL) levels in threatened abortion."
9.	DydrogesteroneFDA Link 02/01/2006 - "The impact of dydrogesterone supplementation on serum cytokine profile in women with threatened abortion." 12/01/2005 - "To determine whether therapy with dydrogesterone in threatened abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy will improve pregnancy outcome. " 12/01/2005 - "Dydrogesterone in threatened abortion: pregnancy outcome." 12/14/1967 - "[Treatment of threatened abortion with dydrogesterone]." 12/01/2005 - "Corpus luteal support with dydrogesterone has been shown to reduce the incidence of pregnancy loss in threatened abortion during the first trimester in women without a history of recurrent abortion."
10.	Ritodrine (Yutopar)FDA Link 08/01/1989 - "She had massive blood transfusion because of anemia in her laboratory findings and ritodrine hydrochloride was administered because of the fear of threatened abortion. " 08/01/1992 - "1. The clinical efficacy of IPM/CS administered by intravenous drip infusion at daily dosages of 1 to 2 g as concurrent treatment with antiuteronics (ritodrine hydrochloride or terbutaline sulfate) was studied in patients with threatened abortion and premature delivery in the 11th to 34th week of pregnancy (n = 9), or premature PROM in the 23rd to 36th week (n = 9). " 09/01/1994 - "1. Cases of threatened abortion and preterm labor (n = 25) and preterm PROM (n = 5) were treated with 2-4 g CAZ/day alone (n = 14) or in combination with 4 g ASPC/day (n = 16) along with a uterine contraction inhibitor (ritodrine hydrochloride etc. n = 28) and clinical evaluation was made. " 12/07/1979 - "Fifty pregnant women admitted consecutively on account of threatened abortion or premature labour and treated with Ritodrine and Verapamil intravenously in the usual dosage were investigated with respect to creatine kinase activity and, in the event of a raised level, its isoenzyme creatine kinase--MB. " 12/01/1979 - "Fifty pregnant women admitted consecutively on account of threatened abortion or premature labour and treated with Ritodrine and Verapamil intravenously in the usual dosage were investigated with respect to creatine kinase activity and, in the event of a raised level, its isoenzyme creatine kinase--MB. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Bed Rest (Bedrest) 10/01/2001 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of bed-rest in the treatment of threatened abortion. " 10/01/2001 - "These results suggest that bed-rest does not improve the prognosis of threatened abortion." 05/01/1993 - "To compare the effect of hCG therapy with placebo or bed rest in women with threatened abortion. " 06/01/1974 - "[Nursing of patients with threatened abortion who are on forced bedrest]." 07/01/1953 - "Evaluation of bed rest in threatened abortion."
2.	Intravenous Infusions 01/01/1981 - "[Intravenous infusion of 10% ethanol as a method of inhibiting uterine contraction in cases of threatened abortion and premature labor]." 08/01/1992 - "1. The clinical efficacy of IPM/CS administered by intravenous drip infusion at daily dosages of 1 to 2 g as concurrent treatment with antiuteronics (ritodrine hydrochloride or terbutaline sulfate) was studied in patients with threatened abortion and premature delivery in the 11th to 34th week of pregnancy (n = 9), or premature PROM in the 23rd to 36th week (n = 9). "
3.	Kampo Medicine (Kampo) 01/01/2006 - "Efficacy of the Kampo medicine Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang, a traditional herbal medicine, in the treatment of threatened abortion in early pregnancy."
4.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 12/01/1998 - "Although two events of threatened abortion and one of preterm labor were encountered during the pregnancy course, a healthy 2,900-g female was delivered by low transverse cesarean section at term. " 05/01/1993 - "We report an anesthetic experience of a 28-year-old female patient complicated with myotonic dystrophy who underwent emergency Cesarean section due to threatened abortion. " 11/01/2010 - "Discharges for vaginal delivery, cesarean section, threatened abortion and other antepartum diagnoses, miscarriages, and induced abortions were identified among residents with Italian or foreign citizenship, and irregular immigrants. " 10/01/2009 - "The incidence of threatened abortion (51.3% versus 18.8%; RR: 2.7 [1.7-4.5]; p=0.00002), threaten premature delivery (26.3% versus 10%; RR: 2.6 [1.2-5.6]; p=0.008), premature delivery (22.5% versus 7.9%; RR: 2.9 [1.2-6.9]), tocolytic treatment (48.8% versus 20.0%; RR: 2.4 [1.5-4.0]; p=0.0001) and Caesarean section (40% versus 13.8%; RR: 3.1 [1.6-5.9]; p=0.0001) were significantly increased in group 1 than in group 2. We also noticed a moderate increased of the incidence of abortions (11.3% versus 5%; RR: 2.3 [0.7-7.0]), breech presentation (11.3% versus 5%; p=0.3); however, the difference was not statistically significant in two groups. " 09/01/1990 - "Threatened abortion (23.7%), EPH gestosis (20.3%), meconium-stained amniotic fluid (21.7%), caesarean section (35.8%), placental lysis or uterine exploration (6.6%) and episiotomy (100.0%) are more frequent in old primiparas than in old multiparas (P less than 0.05). "
5.	Cervical Cerclage 05/01/1993 - "The author studies the result of cervical cerclage carried out by him on seven multi-pregnant women (between 10-28 weeks gestation, of whom five had not borne any children) and on one woman who is pregnant for the first time (twins, at 12 weeks gestation) because of threatened abortion which usually would occur in the second trimester of the pregnancy, due to shortening and premature opening of the cervical os which leads to the protrusion of the membranes with interruption of the pregnancy. " 01/01/1993 - "Threatened abortion (16.8%), EPH gestosis (9.5%), cervical cerclage (5.8%), weight gain above 14 kg (9.8%), preterm labour (8.4%), delivery at > or = 42 weeks (3.1%), premature rupture of the membranes (16.4%), meconium-stained amniotic fluid (14.4%), and up to 6-hour duration of labour (73.2%, elective caesarean section (6.8%), emergency caesarean section (5.7%), vacuum extraction (3.8%) and placental lysis or uterine exploration (3.8%) were more common in women > or = 35 years of age (P < 0.05). "