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Habitual Abortion (Recurrent Miscarriage)

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Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.

Also Known As:

Recurrent Miscarriage; Recurrent Miscarriages; Abortion, Habitual; Abortions, Habitual; Abortions, Recurrent; Habitual Abortions; Miscarriages, Recurrent; Recurrent Abortion; Recurrent Abortions; Abortion, Recurrent; Miscarriage, Recurrent

Networked: 1297 relevant articles (45 outcomes, 207 trials/studies)

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Disease Context: Research Results

Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications
- Pregnancy Complications: 986
  - Spontaneous Abortion: 4857
    - Habitual Abortion: 1297
      - Uterine Cervical Incompetence: 61

Related Diseases

1.	Thrombophilia
2.	Antiphospholipid Syndrome (Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome)
3.	Infertility (Sterility)
4.	Thrombocytopenia (Thrombopenia)
5.	Autoimmune Diseases (Autoimmune Disease)

Experts

1.	Regan, L: 15 articles (06/2010 - 07/2000)
2.	Ozaki, Yasuhiko: 12 articles (05/2014 - 02/2002)
3.	Sugiura-Ogasawara, Mayumi: 12 articles (05/2014 - 02/2002)
4.	Quenby, Siobhan: 10 articles (11/2015 - 09/2002)
5.	Li, T C: 10 articles (04/2013 - 01/2000)
6.	Agrawal, Suraksha: 9 articles (04/2015 - 08/2009)
7.	Christiansen, Ole B: 9 articles (04/2015 - 03/2002)
8.	Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, Agnieszka: 8 articles (04/2015 - 09/2008)
9.	Drews, Krzysztof: 8 articles (04/2015 - 09/2008)
10.	Parveen, Farah: 8 articles (04/2015 - 08/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Habitual Abortion:

1.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2003 - "Seen and considered the lack of efficacy of low-dose aspirin and the potential for harm to the female and her offspring, the practice of recommending aspirin to women with recurrent miscarriage should be discontinued." 03/01/2009 - "Aspirin in recurrent miscarriage: is there an indication?" 10/01/2005 - "Aspirin therapy is ineffective for preventing recurrent miscarriage for women who do not have an autoimmune explanation for previous pregnancy losses (SOR: A, based on RCTs)." 05/01/2002 - "Based on this groundwork, we address the question of how best to optimize the dose of aspirin for use in fertility management, by providing examples from the assisted conception and recurrent miscarriage settings." 10/01/2000 - "Recurrent miscarriage--an aspirin a day?"
2.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 05/01/2014 - "By multivariant logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, NK cells subsets and other therapies, IVIg significantly improved the live birth rate to 96.3% in women with recurrent miscarriage (RM) compared with 30.6% in case not receiving IVIg (P < 0.0001). " 12/01/2005 - "When used on an unselected population with recurrent miscarriage, IVIg has not been shown to improve the live birth rate. " 03/01/2015 - "In this trial, which is the largest so far, IVIg did not increase the live birth rate in patients with secondary recurrent miscarriage and the treatment cannot be recommended in clinical practice." 01/01/2015 - "The Effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Women with Recurrent Miscarriages: A Systematic Review of Randomised Trials with Meta-Analyses and Trial Sequential Analyses Including Individual Patient Data." 01/01/2014 - "So far, at least eight randomised placebo-controlled trials, with opposing results, investigating intravenous immunoglobulins with a total of 324 recurrent miscarriage patients have been published. "
3.	Progesterone FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2012 - "The aim was to investigate the efficacy of progesterone supplementation in patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriages. " 07/01/2006 - "Consequently, women with recurrent miscarriages have been treated with progesterone supplementation with various degrees of success, and a recent meta-analysis has shown trends for improved live birth rates in those women. " 03/01/1989 - "Efficacy of progesterone support for pregnancy in women with recurrent miscarriage. " 11/26/2015 - "We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to investigate whether treatment with progesterone would increase the rates of live births and newborn survival among women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage. " 11/26/2015 - "A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women with Recurrent Miscarriages."
4.	Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (Heparin, Low Molecular Weight)IBA 04/01/2008 - "LMWH seems to be a safe drug and effective in significantly reducing the incidence of recurrent miscarriages of unknown aetiology when given in the first trimester and continued throughout pregnancy." 11/01/2014 - "The aim of the study was to investigate whether the use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) improve live birth rates when compared with control group in patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriages (URM). " 02/01/2011 - "Recurrent miscarriages: caution regarding development of clinical trials using low molecular weight heparin and pregnancy." 01/01/2009 - "In a single study low molecular weight heparin seemed to have a positive effect on pregnancy outcome after previous single or recurrent abortions. " 01/01/2008 - "In a single study low molecular weight heparin seemed to have a positive effect on pregnancy outcome after previous single or recurrent abortions. "
5.	Heparin (Liquaemin)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2003 - "Several studies indicate that women with recurrent miscarriage may benefit from heparin administration during pregnancy, however, data from controlled trials have not yet been published. " 12/07/1992 - "The use of LMW heparin as a thromboprophylactic agent was then evaluated in 11 patients who were known to have a severe thromboembolic tendency, had suffered recurrent miscarriages and had responded poorly to conventional anticoagulation (oral anticoagulant, conventional heparin). " 12/01/2014 - "Heparin has a beneficial effect in the treatment of recurrent miscarriages and positively affects implantation rates in the IVF procedure in women with reproductive disorders not associated with thrombophilia. " 05/01/2012 - "A prophylactic effect of heparin treatment has also been proposed in terms of prevention of adverse pregnancy outcomes recurrence in women with history of recurrent miscarriage, severe preeclampsia, placental abruption, low neonatal birth weight and intrauterine fetal death not related to thrombophilia, although literature in this field is quite controversial. " 10/01/2010 - "Although this was not a randomized clinical trial, combined treatment of aspirin and heparin seemed associated with a better outcome in women with APLAs, but not in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage."
6.	Antiphospholipid AntibodiesIBA 03/01/2004 - "Antiphospholipid antibodies: a major advance in the management of recurrent abortion." 08/01/2013 - "Aim of this study was study on relation between antiphospholipid antibodies in women with recurrent abortion and their gestational age and duration post abortion. " 01/01/2016 - "Higher levels of procoagulant microparticles in women with recurrent miscarriage are not associated with antiphospholipid antibodies." 01/01/2015 - "Antiphospholipid antibodies are calculated as the most important reason for recurrent abortion. " 05/01/2014 - "Established causes of recurrent miscarriage are antiphospholipid antibodies, uterine anomalies and abnormal chromosomes in either partner, particularly translocations. "
7.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 02/01/2015 - "Overstimulation of TNF-alpha presented moderate influence on recurrent miscarriage risk. " 03/01/2010 - "We investigated the association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) gene polymorphisms with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage (RM). " 03/01/2010 - "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha polymorphisms in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage." 06/01/2006 - "It has, hence, been suggested that new therapeutic strategies be developed, including the possible use of TNFalpha antagonists in cases of recurrent miscarriage. " 04/01/1994 - "Tumor necrosis factor alpha seems to be useful for selecting patients for immunotherapy, because in cases of habitual abortions this factor can be a sign for immunological causes. "
8.	AntibodiesIBA 08/01/2013 - "Study on antiphospholipid/anticardioliplin antibodies in women with recurrent abortion." 12/01/2006 - "Recent studies investigated the correlations between the presence of antithyroid antibodies (ATA) and pregnancy loss, and found that many women with a previous history of recurrent miscarriage, showed high levels of ATA circulating in their blood. " 09/01/2001 - "Thirty-five patients had one or more plausible causes of recurrent miscarriages, including 12 positive for well-established anti-phospholipid antibodies, such as anti-beta2-glycoprotein I. None of the patients included in this study was found to be positive for anti-PS/PT. " 04/01/2001 - "The present study assesses the clinical significance of anti-laminin-1 auto-antibodies (auto-Abs) in recurrent miscarriages. " 01/01/2001 - "The majority of the studies (67%) reported a statistically significant increase in the incidence of thyroid antibodies in the recurrent abortion group as compared to controls. "
9.	AntigensIBA 05/01/2001 - "[The study on human leucocyte antigen DQ region genes polymorphism in unexplained habitual abortion patients]." 03/01/2001 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the gene frequencies and shared alleles of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E gene in Japanese couples with or without recurrent abortion. " 03/01/1999 - "This study describes the molecular characterization of an antigen defined by an autoantibody from a woman with habitual abortion as GM2-activator protein. " 05/01/1994 - "In this study 52.6% of women with recurrent abortion of unknown cause compared with none in controls exhibited in vitro evidence of T-cell immunity to trophoblast antigen stimulation. " 05/01/1994 - "The purpose of this study was to determine whether trophoblast antigens activate cell-mediated immune responses in women with recurrent abortion of unknown cause by inducing lymphocyte proliferation and to correlate this with embryotoxic factor production. "
10.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 03/01/2015 - "Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for secondary recurrent miscarriage: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." 09/01/2010 - "Intravenous immunoglobulin and idiopathic secondary recurrent miscarriage: a multicentered randomized placebo-controlled trial." 03/01/2002 - "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in the prevention of recurrent miscarriage: evidence for a therapeutic effect in women with secondary recurrent miscarriage." 08/04/1997 - "Treatment of recurrent miscarriage by anticoagulation, allogeneic lymphocyte immunization or intravenous immunoglobulin is under evaluation in controlled trials." 12/01/1994 - "In a randomised double-blind multicentre study 64 patients with a history of unexplained primary recurrent miscarriage were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (verum) or 5% human albumin (placebo) infusions during their following pregnancy. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy 08/01/2003 - "The higher NKA evident in primary recurrent miscarriage and the reported higher efficacy of immunotherapy in primary aborters support the involvement of NK cells in the etiology of primary recurrent miscarriage." 08/01/2012 - "The efficacy of lymphocyte immunotherapy (LIT) for unexplained recurrent miscarriage (uRM) remains indefinite. " 09/01/1995 - "The efficacy of immunotherapy in the prevention of habitual abortion remains controversial. " 11/06/2005 - "A multicentric clinical study started in 2000 to introduce an immunological screening protocol for patients suffering in idiopathic habitual abortion, and to use immunotherapy for their treatment if immunological background was defined. " 02/01/1997 - "The analysis included the results of patients treated by us over the last 8 years and the results of randomized and non-randomized trials reported by the Recurrent Miscarriage Immunotherapy Trialists Group. "
2.	Plasmapheresis 09/01/1985 - "The management and outcome indicate that habitual abortion presumably due to anti-P can be successfully treated with plasmapheresis. " 04/01/1991 - "A patient with SLE with recurrent abortion and aCL who was successfully treated by adsorbent plasmapheresis is reported. " 11/01/1998 - "On the other hand, with the exception of 1 patient with thrombocytopenia and 1 patient with renal failure, all of the clinical manifestations, including thrombocytopenia, central nervous system (CNS) lupus, thrombophlebitis, lung infarction, and recurrent abortions in the SLE patients with APS, improved after plasmapheresis. " 03/01/1992 - "Therefore, immunoadsorbent plasmapheresis with dextran sulphate seems to reduce the risk of recurrent abortion in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome."
3.	Chinese Traditional Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 01/01/2015 - "Previous studies have shown the traditional Chinese medicine, the Zishen Yutai pill (ZYP), to be effective in treatment of threatened as well as recurrent miscarriages, and it can improve embryonic implantation rates in patients undergoing IVF treatment. " 01/01/2013 - "Traditional Chinese medicine has been widely used for the treatment of recurrent miscarriage in China and other Asian countries for long time. " 06/01/2012 - "Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in the treatment of recurrent miscarriage in China for thousands of years. "
4.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft) 05/01/1997 - "Th1 responses predominate in organ-specific autoimmune disorders, acute allograft rejection, unexplained recurrent abortions, and in some chronic inflammatory disorders of unknown etiology. " 06/24/1971 - "Skin homograft in prevention of habitual abortion: report of a case and review of the literature." 07/01/2006 - "Immunological analogy between allograft rejection, recurrent abortion and pre-eclampsia - the same basic mechanism?" 09/01/1996 - "Th1-dominated responses may be involved in the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune disorders, acute allograft rejection, unexplained recurrent abortions, contact dermatitis, and some chronic inflammatory disorders of unknown etiology. " 07/01/2000 - "Further, Th1-dominated responses are involved in the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune disorders, Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis, acute kidney allograft rejection, and some unexplained recurrent abortions. "
5.	Curettage 11/01/2014 - "Uterine curettage may result in formation of intrauterine adhesions, which can predispose to recurrent miscarriage [1]. " 07/01/1961 - "Curettage to prevent habitual abortion." 10/24/1998 - "Changes in the menstrual cycle, infertility or recurrent abortions starting after a puerperal or postabortum curettage should cause the physician to suspect intrauterine adhesions. " 08/14/1965 - "They constitute a long-recognized, well-established clinical syndrome comprising: (1) past history of puerperal or postabortal infection and/or curettage, followed by (2) amenorrhea or hypomenorrhea, (3) dysmenorrhea, (4) habitual abortion, and (5) sterility. " 01/01/2002 - "This randomized controlled blind prospective study is undertaken to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Seprafilm--a novel bioresorbable membrane of chemically modified hyaluronic acid and carboxymethylcellulose--in prevention and reduction of postoperative endometrial and endocervical synechiae formation after general suction evacuation or curettage for incomplete, missed, and recurrent abortion. "