Benign essential blepharospasm

A DYSTONIC DISORDER that affects the orbicularis oculi muscles; onset is typically in middle age. Symptoms include eye irritation and frequent BLINKING, progressing to involuntary SPASMS of eyelid closure and possibly functional blindness. It is likely caused by a combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors and may be associated with polymorphisms in the DRD5 gene. OMIM: 606798

Also Known As:

Networked: 204 relevant articles (30 outcomes, 36 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hemifacial Spasm
2.	Meige Syndrome
3.	Spasm (Spasms)
4.	Dry Eye Syndromes (Dry Eye Syndrome)
5.	Synkinesis

Experts

1.	Wabbels, Bettina: 5 articles (01/2022 - 01/2007)
2.	Harrison, Andrew R: 5 articles (01/2019 - 10/2003)
3.	Roggenkämper, Peter: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2007)
4.	Ishii, Kenji: 3 articles (01/2019 - 07/2007)
5.	Kiyosawa, Motohiro: 3 articles (01/2019 - 07/2007)
6.	Suzuki, Yukihisa: 3 articles (01/2019 - 07/2007)
7.	Wakakura, Masato: 3 articles (01/2019 - 07/2007)
8.	Wabbels, B: 3 articles (06/2018 - 01/2012)
9.	Lew, Helen: 3 articles (01/2018 - 03/2013)
10.	Yen, Michael T: 3 articles (01/2018 - 12/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Benign essential blepharospasm:

1.	Type A Botulinum Toxins (Botox)FDA Link 10/01/2003 - "Botulinum toxin A appeared to be effective in the treatment of essential blepharospasm in this dog." 05/01/2021 - "Botox was a safe and effective treatment in benign essential blepharospasm which required an increased dosage over time. " 10/01/2019 - "Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of Botox and Neuronox in the Management of Benign Essential Blepharospasm: A Split-face Study." 01/01/2018 - "Long-term Efficacy of Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Treatment for Essential Blepharospasm." 11/01/2022 - "The aim of this study was to determine the effect of botulinum toxin type A and satisfaction in patients with essential blepharospasm. "
2.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 11/01/2013 - "Botulinum toxin is a useful remedy for Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB), although the effects are short term and repeated applications are required which is quite costly for the patient." 11/01/2013 - "Efficacy of botulinum toxin in benign essential Blepharospasm: Desirable & undesirable effects." 01/01/2021 - "Botulinum toxin injection for benign essential blepharospasm is a non-invasive and safe procedure. The pretarsal muscle should be considered as the key component when treating benign essential blepharospasm with botulinum toxin. We developed an algorithmic approach to the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm with botulinum toxin. However, further randomised controlled trials are warranted." 09/01/2008 - "The aim of this paper was to study blinking parameters using a videonystagmography device, in order to objectively determine disability, and to assess the efficiency of botulinum toxin injection in patients with essential blepharospasm. " 01/01/2023 - "Smartphone and custom-made software to assess the effect of botulinum toxin in essential blepharospasm: Initial results."
3.	incobotulinumtoxinAFDA Link 01/01/2018 - "In this study, we showed that repetitive, long-term BoNT-A injections are considered a stable and effective treatment for essential blepharospasm in terms of consistent injection dose and maintenance of treatment efficacy. " 01/01/2018 - "We retrospectively reviewed 19 patients (male : female = 8 : 11) diagnosed with essential blepharospasm between March 2006 and July 2016 who underwent BoNT-A injections for over 5 years and were followed. " 11/01/2017 - "These findings confirmed that low-dose injections of BoNT-A at the PT portion provide more efficacy, patient satisfaction, and fewer complications than the PS injections for the treatment of involuntary eyelid twitching and closure in patients with HFS and BEB." 04/01/2015 - "The individualized injection technique of BoNT-A according to the spasm-dominant site is an effective and safe treatment method for essential blepharospasm patients." 11/01/2022 - "Prospective cohort study of all patients undergoing incobotulinumtoxinA treatment in our department-for benign essential blepharospasm (BEB), hemifacial spasm (HFS), aberrant facial regeneration (AFR), or crocodile tears-who were affected by the break in service (March 18, 2020-June 17, 2020). "
4.	abobotulinumtoxinAFDA Link 09/01/2006 - "The costs of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm treatment with Dysport are high, mainly because of the toxin price. " 09/01/2006 - "4- Dysport treatment is successful in both essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. " 01/01/2008 - "Efficacy and safety of purified botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II trial." 04/01/1997 - "A double-blind study was performed on 212 consecutive patients (58 men, 154 women) with essential blepharospasm, who received one injection of Botox and one injection of Dysport in two separate treatment sessions (at the first session the patients randomly received one of the drugs, at the second the other drug was given. " 01/01/2008 - "Our large-scale, multicenter, randomized clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin (Dysport; 40, 80, and 120 units/eye) versus placebo in bilateral benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) supported the high efficacy and good safety profile of Dysport, with improvement in functional impairment, reduced frequency and intensity of facial spasms, and fewer withdrawals through lack of efficacy in the active treatment group compared with controls. "
5.	ZincIBA 10/01/2014 - "Scientific skepticism and new discoveries: an analysis of a report of zinc/phytase supplementation and the efficacy of botulinum toxins in treating cosmetic facial rhytides, hemifacial spasm and benign essential blepharospasm." 04/01/2012 - "This study suggests a potentially meaningful role for zinc and/or phytase supplementation in increasing the degree and duration of botulinum toxin effect in the treatment of cosmetic facial rhytids, benign essential blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm." 10/01/2014 - "A recent paper in the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology by Koshy and colleagues (2012, 11( 4 ):507-512) report on "Effect of Dietary Zinc and Phytase Supplementation on Botulinum Toxin Treatments" and conclude by claiming the discovery of "a potentially meaningful role for zinc and/or phytase supplementation in increasing the degree and duration of botulinum toxin effect in the treatment of cosmetic facial rhytids, benign essential blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm". " 04/01/2012 - "In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study, we examined the efficacy of three botulinum toxin preparations (onabotulinumtoxinA, abobotulinumtoxinA, and rimabotulinumtoxinB) following oral supplementation with zinc citrate 50 mg and phytase 3,000 PU, zinc gluconate 10 mg, or lactulose placebo in individuals treated for cosmetic facial rhytids, benign essential blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm. "
6.	6-Phytase (Phytase)IBA 10/01/2014 - "Scientific skepticism and new discoveries: an analysis of a report of zinc/phytase supplementation and the efficacy of botulinum toxins in treating cosmetic facial rhytides, hemifacial spasm and benign essential blepharospasm." 04/01/2012 - "This study suggests a potentially meaningful role for zinc and/or phytase supplementation in increasing the degree and duration of botulinum toxin effect in the treatment of cosmetic facial rhytids, benign essential blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm." 10/01/2014 - "A recent paper in the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology by Koshy and colleagues (2012, 11( 4 ):507-512) report on "Effect of Dietary Zinc and Phytase Supplementation on Botulinum Toxin Treatments" and conclude by claiming the discovery of "a potentially meaningful role for zinc and/or phytase supplementation in increasing the degree and duration of botulinum toxin effect in the treatment of cosmetic facial rhytids, benign essential blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm". " 04/01/2012 - "In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study, we examined the efficacy of three botulinum toxin preparations (onabotulinumtoxinA, abobotulinumtoxinA, and rimabotulinumtoxinB) following oral supplementation with zinc citrate 50 mg and phytase 3,000 PU, zinc gluconate 10 mg, or lactulose placebo in individuals treated for cosmetic facial rhytids, benign essential blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm. "
7.	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1998 - "Doxorubicin chemomyectomy is an evolving technique and an effective treatment for essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasms symptomatically localized to the eyelids. " 09/01/1999 - "An experimental treatment for benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm involves the direct injection of doxorubicin into the eyelids to permanently kill muscle. " 03/01/1991 - "Doxorubicin (DXR) was injected as a treatment for benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. " 01/01/1994 - "Alternatively to Botulinum toxin Doxorubicin was injected as a treatment for benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm in an experimental study."
8.	SuspensionsIBA 07/01/2009 - "Upper lid orbicularis oculi muscle strip and sequential brow suspension with autologous fascia lata is beneficial for selected patients with essential blepharospasm." 11/01/2005 - "Our results indicate that sling frontalis suspension for essential blepharospasm is a safe and efficient treatment for essential blephrospasm with a high degree of patient satisfaction. " 11/01/2005 - "This report presents our experience with sling frontalis suspension for essential blepharospasm in 4 patients with follow-up periods of six months to 2 years. " 11/01/2005 - "[Upper lid frontalis suspension as a treatment for essential blepharospasm]." 06/15/1992 - "Data were analyzed from 37 patients with essential blepharospasm who had undergone upper eyelid protractor excision with brow suspension, and who had a median follow-up of 40 months (range, 12 to 83.5 months) after surgery. "
9.	rimabotulinumtoxinBFDA Link 05/01/2006 - "Myobloc for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm in patients refractory to botox." 04/01/2012 - "In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study, we examined the efficacy of three botulinum toxin preparations (onabotulinumtoxinA, abobotulinumtoxinA, and rimabotulinumtoxinB) following oral supplementation with zinc citrate 50 mg and phytase 3,000 PU, zinc gluconate 10 mg, or lactulose placebo in individuals treated for cosmetic facial rhytids, benign essential blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm. "
10.	Citric Acid (Citrate)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2012 - "In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study, we examined the efficacy of three botulinum toxin preparations (onabotulinumtoxinA, abobotulinumtoxinA, and rimabotulinumtoxinB) following oral supplementation with zinc citrate 50 mg and phytase 3,000 PU, zinc gluconate 10 mg, or lactulose placebo in individuals treated for cosmetic facial rhytids, benign essential blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2004 - "Locally administered botulotoxin A is a safe and efficient remedy for the therapy of essential blepharospasm and facial hemispasm, the efficiency being unchanged in more than 80% of patients." 02/01/1958 - "[Trial therapy of essential blepharospasm and contraction entropium with rhaetocaine]." 01/01/2022 - "Ultra-Long-Term Therapy of Benign Essential Blepharospasm with Botulinumtoxin A-30 Years of Experience in a Tertiary Care Center." 08/01/1987 - "Patients previously treated surgically for essential blepharospasm did not respond differently than those patients with no previous surgical therapy. " 02/01/1979 - "[On the etiology and therapy of essential blepharospasm (author's transl)]."
2.	Injections 06/01/2000 - "All of the four patients with the palpebral form of essential blepharospasm preferred the Riolan's injections. " 06/01/2000 - "Five of 6 patients with typical essential blepharospasm preferred the Riolan's injections and one had no preference. " 06/01/2000 - "Six patients with the typical form of essential blepharospasm and 4 patients with the palpebral form of essential blepharospasm, all of whom had previously been treated with conventional bilateral periorbital injections, were treated with injections of the toxin into the region of Riolan's muscle at the medial and lateral extremities of the upper lids. " 03/01/1999 - "Eyelid protractor myectomy provides subjective benefit to patients with essential blepharospasm and decreases the long-term need for BT injections in approximately 50% of these patients. " 01/01/2012 - "An optimized therapy of essential blepharospasm should not only take dose, dose distribution and injections site into account but also injection intervals. "
3.	Lenses 05/01/2009 - "The objective of these 2 studies was to assess the efficacy of FL-41-tinted lenses in the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm (BEB). " 12/01/2005 - "Modulation of sensory photophobia in essential blepharospasm with chromatic lenses." 01/01/2022 - "Tinted lenses have been used to manage visual discomfort and photosensitivity in patients with migraines, benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and epilepsy. "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2018 - "Oral Pharmacotherapy for Benign Essential Blepharospasm." 12/01/1996 - "While botulinum toxin is the most highly effective treatment for benign essential blepharospasm and Meige syndrome over a long period of time, adjunctive oral drug therapy, including minor tranquillisers as well as eyelid surgery, may augment its effectiveness." 09/01/1998 - "To investigate causes, associations, and results of treatment with blepharospasm, 1,653 patients were evaluated by extensive questionnaires to study blepharospasm and long-term results of treatment with the full myectomy operation, botulinum-A toxin, drug therapy, and help from the Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation (BEBRF). "
5.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 12/08/2009 - "Electrophysiologic and clinical improvements by functional inhibition of the medial frontal areas using low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation suggests that hypersensitivity of the anterior cingulate is directly or indirectly involved in the pathophysiology of benign essential blepharospasm. " 01/01/2021 - "Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Botulinum Toxin Type A for Benign Essential Blepharospasm Patients Accompanied by Anxiety and Depression."